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Quantum key distribution can provide unconditionally secure key exchange for remote users in theory. In practice, however, in most quantum key distribution systems, quantum hackers might steal the secure keys by listening to the side…

This paper presents a multi-stage, multi-photon quantum key distribution protocol based on the double-lock cryptography. It exploits the asymmetry in the detection strategies between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper. The security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-14 Kam Wai Clifford Chan , Mayssaa El Rifai , Pramode K. Verma , Subhash Kak , Yuhua Chen

The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) possesses the highest security among all practical quantum key distribution protocols. However, existing multi-intensity decoy-state methods may cause loopholes when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Chun-Hui Zhang , Chun-Mei Zhang , Qin Wang

Multipartite device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD), also known as device-independent conference key agreement, enables more than two remote parties to share a common key with information-theoretic security even without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Makoto Ishihara , Wojciech Roga , Masahiro Takeoka

In the ever-evolving landscape of quantum cryptography, Device-independent Quantum Key Distribution (DI-QKD) stands out for its unique approach to ensuring security based not on the trustworthiness of the devices but on nonlocal…

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) is proposed to be secure against any possible detection attacks. The security of the original proposal relies on the assumption that the legitimate users can fully…

We establish a security proof of frequency-time coding quantum key distribution (FT-QKD) protocol by showing its connection to the squeezed state quantum key distribution protocol, which has been proven to be unconditionally secure. We also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Bing Qi

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is a key distribution scheme whose security is based on the laws of quantum physics but does not require any assumptions about the devices used in the protocol. The security of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Shih-Hsuan Chen , Chun-Hao Chang , Chih-Sung Chuu , Che-Ming Li

We investigate entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocols, with particular emphasis on their efficiency under realistic conditions of satellite quantum communications, where performance is limited by the low power of a received…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Vera Uzunova , Marcin Jarzyna

Entanglement-based quantum key distribution can enable secure communication in trusted node-free networks and over long distances. Although implementations exist both in fiber and in free space, the latter approach is often considered…

We propose a schematic setup of quantum key distribution (QKD) with an improved secret key rate based on high-dimensional quantum states. Two degrees-of-freedom of a single photon, orbital angular momentum modes, and multi-path modes, are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Yonggi Jo , Hee Su Park , Seung-Woo Lee , Wonmin Son

Quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD) have been the most successful applications of quantum information processing, highlighting the unique capability of quantum mechanics, through the no-cloning theorem, to protect the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-18 David S. Simon , Nate Lawrence , Jacob Trevino , Luca Dal Negro , Alexander V. Sergienko

Quantum key distribution -- the establishment of information-theoretically secure keys based on quantum physics -- is mainly limited by its practical performance, which is characterised by the dependence of the key rate on the channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-13 Pei Zeng , Hongyi Zhou , Weijie Wu , Xiongfeng Ma

Quantum key distribution is a key application of quantum mechanics, shaping the future of privacy and secure communications. Many protocols require single photons, often approximated by strongly attenuated laser pulses. Here, we harness the…

We present a practical method that can make quantum key distribution (QKD), for the first time, both ultra-long-distance and immune to all attacks in the detection system. This method is an important extension of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-22 Feihu Xu , Bing Qi , Zhongfa Liao , Hoi-Kwong Lo

A quantum key distribution protocol with classical Bob based on polarization entangled photon pairs is presented. It approximates a single photon and exploited the inherent randomness of quantum measurements to attain highly secure keys and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-23 Zhiwei Sun , Ruigang Du , Dongyang Long

High-dimensional entanglement promises to increase the information capacity of photons and is now routinely generated exploiting spatio-temporal degrees of freedom of single photons. A curious feature of these systems is the possibility to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-17 Mirdit Doda , Marcus Huber , Gláucia Murta , Matej Pivoluska , Martin Plesch , Chrysoula Vlachou

Besides being a beautiful idea, device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is probably the ultimate solution to defeat quantum hacking. To guarantee security, it requires, however, that the fair-sampling loophole is closed, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

Quantum Key Distribution is a quantum communication technique in which random numbers are encoded on quantum systems, usually photons, and sent from one party, Alice, to another, Bob. Using the data sent via the quantum signals,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-09 T. C. Ralph , N. Walk

A quantum key distribution protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Through choosing particles by twos from the sequence and performing Bell measurements, two communicators can detect eavesdropping and obtain the secure key.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Fei Gao , Fenzhuo Guo , Qiaoyan Wen , Fuchen Zhu