We investigate entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocols, with particular emphasis on their efficiency under realistic conditions of satellite quantum communications, where performance is limited by the low power of a received signal and background radiation. We focus on scenarios where each photon pair is used to encode multiple qubits in order to optimally utilize the weak signal. By optimizing over the source intensity and the number of encoded qubits we study the theoretical information limit for the QKD efficiency. We show that the optimal efficiency is attained for finite entangled photons pair production probability which is in contrast to conventional communication efficiency maximized in the limit of vanishing signal strength. The multiqubit encoding can enhance the secret key rate by up to an order of magnitude compared to single-qubit schemes.
@article{arxiv.2605.21018,
title = {Photon Efficiency of High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution},
author = {Vera Uzunova and Marcin Jarzyna},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.21018},
year = {2026}
}