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The virtual admittance-current controller (VA-CC) scheme is widely employed to emulate an equivalent inductance in front of the internal voltage source of grid-forming inverters. However, recent studies have reported harmonic instabilities…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-05 Jaekeun Lee , Jae-Jung Jung , Shenghui Cui

The stability of complex networks, from power grids to biological systems, is crucial for their proper functioning. It is thus important to control such systems to maintain or restore their stability. Traditional approaches rely on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-23 Yuzhen Qin , Fabio Pasqualetti , Danielle S. Bassett , Marcel van Gerven

Virtual inertia is an effective control approach to attenuate sudden voltage changes during transient events in low-inertia DC grids. While methods have been proposed to implement virtual inertia, its impact on DC grid stability in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-09 Hao Tu , Hui Yu , Srdjan Lukic

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

With the increasing inclusion of regenerative resources in the energy mix, their intermittent character challenges power grid stability. Hence it is essential to determine which input fluctuations power grids are particularly vulnerable to.…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2018-01-16 Stefan Wieland , Sébastien Aumaitre , Hervé Bercegol

This paper proposes a nonlinear, adaptive controller to increase the stability margin of a direct-current (DC) small-scale electrical network containing a constant power load, whose value is unknown. Due to their negative incremental…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Juan E. Machado , José Arocas-Pérez , Wei He , Romeo Ortega , Robert Griñó

Grid-following inverters have been widely adopted as a grid interface for renewable energy, and ensuring their small-signal and large-signal stability is critical to modern power systems. Their large-signal, or transient, stability is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Yifan Zhang , Yunjie Gu , Yue Zhu , Yitong Li , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

Grid forming control applied to power converters that interface storage or renewable generation to the power grid, has been identified as a potential solution to facilitate a substantial share of converter-based renewable generation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-28 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

This work presents (i) a framework for certifying small-signal frequency stability of a power system with line dynamics and heterogeneous bus dynamics, (ii) a novel reduced-order model of damper windings in synchronous machines, and (iii) a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Dahlia Saba , Dominic Groß

In this paper we propose a distributed dynamic controller for sharing frequency control reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. We derive sufficient stability conditions, which guarantee that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

This paper explores the stability of nonsynchronous hybrid ac/dc power grids under the grid-forming hybrid angle control strategy. We formulate dynamical models for the ac grids and transmission lines, interlinking converters, and dc…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-24 Ali Tayyebi , Florian Dörfler

Voltage (Volt) and reactive-power (VAR) control in transmission networks is critical for reliability and increasingly needs fast, implementable decisions. This paper presents a transmission Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Shuaicheng Tong , Michael A. Boateng , Mathieu Tanneau , Pascal Van Hentenryck

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) is a commonly used technology for long-distance electric power transmission, mainly due to its low resistive losses. In this paper a distributed controller for multi-terminal high-voltage direct current…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

Inverter-based distributed energy resources facilitate the advanced voltage control algorithms in the online setting with the flexibility in both active and reactive power injections. A key challenge is to continuously track the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-03 Peng Zhang , Baosen Zhang

Distribution networks with high penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) increasingly rely on communication networks to coordinate grid-interactive control. While many distributed control schemes have been proposed, they are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Houchao Gan

For active distribution networks (ADNs) integrated with massive inverter-based energy resources, it is impractical to maintain the accurate model and deploy measurements at all nodes due to the large-scale of ADNs. Thus, current models of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-18 Tong Xu , Wenchuan Wu , Yiwen Hong , Junjie Yu , Fazhong Zhang

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) is an increasingly commonly used technology for long-distance electric power transmission, mainly due to its low resistive losses. In this paper the voltage-droop method (VDM) is reviewed, and three novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-14 Martin Andreasson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

This paper presents a novel Dynam-i-c Droop (iDroop) control mechanism to perform primary frequency control with gird-connected inverters that improves the network dynamic performance. The work is motivated by the dynamic degradation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-20 Enrique Mallada