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Nonlocality is a fascinating and counterintuitive aspect of Nature, revealed by the violation of a Bell inequality. The standard and easiest configuration in which Bell inequalities can be measured has been proposed by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Enrico Pomarico , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Bruno Sanguinetti , Anas Rochdi , Nicolas Gisin

Bell inequalities have traditionally been used to demonstrate that quantum theory is nonlocal, in the sense that there exist correlations generated from composite quantum states that cannot be explained by means of local hidden variables.…

In any Bell test, loopholes can cause issues in the interpretation of the results, since an apparent violation of the inequality may not correspond to a violation of local realism. An important example is the coincidence-time loophole that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-16 Jonathan Jogenfors , Jan-Åke Larsson

The empirical proof of Bell inequality violations was a landmark moment for research into quantum foundations. It commits us to a universe without strict relativistic locality or requires that we escape through a potential loophole like…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Geoff Beck

Random numbers are an important resource for applications such as numerical simulation and secure communication. However, it is difficult to certify whether a physical random number generator is truly unpredictable. Here, we exploit the…

We address the problem of closing the detection efficiency loophole in Bell experiments, which is crucial for real-world applications. Every Bell inequality has a critical detection efficiency $\eta$ that must be surpassed to avoid the…

Imperfect detection efficiency remains one of the major obstacles in achieving loophole-free Bell tests over long distances. At the same time, the challenge of establishing a common reference frame for measurements becomes more pronounced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-21 Paweł Cieśliński , Tamás Vértesi , Mateusz Kowalczyk , Wiesław Laskowski

Bell inequality violations are often taken as evidence that quantum nonlocality guarantees intrinsic randomness, effectively playing the role of a "dice" at the heart of many device-independent cryptographic protocols. We show that there…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu , Stefano Pironio

In a Bell experiment, it is natural to seek a causal account of correlations wherein only a common cause acts on the outcomes. For this causal structure, Bell inequality violations can be explained only if causal dependencies are modelled…

The violation of a Bell inequality is the paradigmatic example of device-independent quantum information: the nonclassicality of the data is certified without the knowledge of the functioning of devices. In practice, however, all Bell…

We present a violation of the CHSH inequality without the fair sampling assumption with a continuously pumped photon pair source combined with two high efficiency superconducting detectors. Due to the continuous nature of the source, the…

Self-testing is the strongest certification procedure that uniquely characterizes the physical system based on the observed statistics, without any knowledge of the inner workings of the devices. The optimal quantum violation of a Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Rajdeep Paul , Sneha Munshi , Alok Kumar Pan

It is not generally known, that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of plus and minus 1s that are writable on paper.This surprising fact is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-10 Louis Sica

The Bell inequalities in three and four correlations are re-derived in general forms showing that three and four data sets, respectively, identically satisfy them regardless of whether they are random, deterministic, measured, predicted, or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-24 Louis Sica

Self-testing has been established as a major approach for quantum device certification based on experimental statistics under minimal assumptions. However, despite more than 20 years of research effort most of the self-testing protocols are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Harshank Shrotriya , Leong-Chuan Kwek , Kishor Bharti

Random number has many applications, it plays an important role in quantum information processing. It's not difficult to generate true random numbers, the main difficulty is how to certify the random numbers generated by untrusted devices.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-20 Xing Chen

Bell-type inequalities and violations thereof reveal the fundamental differences between standard probability theory and its quantum counterpart. In the course of previous investigations ultimate bounds on quantum mechanical violations have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stefan Filipp , Karl Svozil

Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to…

It is well-known that in a Bell experiment, the observed correlation between measurement outcomes -- as predicted by quantum theory -- can be stronger than that allowed by local causality, yet not fully constrained by the principle of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-15 Pei-Sheng Lin , Tamás Vértesi , Yeong-Cherng Liang

Bell's inequalities are defined by sums of correlations involving non-commuting observables in each of the two systems. Violations of Bell's inequalities are only possible because the precision of any joint measurement of these observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Kengo Matsuyama , Holger F. Hofmann , Masataka Iinuma