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Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is a promising switching mechanism for magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) as a result of the potential for improved switching speed and energy-efficiency. It is of particular interest to develop an SOT-MRAM device…

It has been demonstrated that the switching of perpendicular magnetization can be achieved with spin orbit torque (SOT) at an ultrafast speed and low energy consumption. However, to make the switching deterministic, an undesirable magnetic…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Zhaohao Wang , Zuwei Li , Min Wang , Bi Wu , Daoqian Zhu , Weisheng Zhao

Spin orbit torque (SOT) provides an efficient way of generating spin current that promises to significantly reduce the current required for switching nanomagnets. However, an in-plane current generated SOT cannot deterministically switch a…

The discovery of efficient magnetization switching activated by the spin Hall effect (SHE)-induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) changed the course of magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) research and development. However, for systems with…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Chen-Yu Hu , Wei-De Chen , Yan-Ting Liu , Chao-Chun Huang , Chi-Feng Pai

Spin orbit torque (SOT) has been considered as one of the promising technologies for the next-generation magnetic random access memory (MRAM). So far, SOT has been widely utilized for inducing various modes of magnetization switching.…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-10-19 Tongxi Liu , Zhaohao Wang , Min Wang , Chao Wang , Bi Wu , Weiqiang Liu , Weisheng Zhao

Spin-orbit torques (SOT) provide a versatile tool to manipulate the magnetization of diverse classes of materials and devices using electric currents, leading to novel spintronic memory and computing approaches. In parallel to spin transfer…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-07-26 Viola Krizakova , Manu Perumkunnil , Sebastien Couet , Pietro Gambardella , Kevin Garello

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is a candidate technique in next generation magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). Recently, experiments show that some material with low-symmetric crystalline or magnetic structures can generate anomalous SOT that…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-08-09 TianYi Zhang , CaiHua Wan , XiuFeng Han

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) based magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is envisioned as an emerging non-volatile memory due to its ultra-high speed and low power consumption. The field-free switching schema in SOT devices is of great interest…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-07-03 Min Wang , Zhaohao Wang , Chao Wang , Weisheng Zhao

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) driven deterministic control of the magnetization state of a magnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is key to next generation spintronic applications including non-volatile, ultrafast, and energy…

The reversal of perpendicular magnetization (PM) by electric control is crucial for high-density integration of low-power magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). Although the spin-transfer torque (STT) and spin-orbit torque (SOT) technologies…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-02-17 Xing-Guo Ye , Peng-Fei Zhu , Wen-Zheng Xu , Nianze Shang , Kaihui Liu , Zhi-Min Liao

Spin Orbit Torque-Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) is being developed as a successor to the Spin transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) owing to its superior performance on the metrics of reliability and read-write speed. SOT switching of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Akanksha Chouhan , Heston A. Mendonca , Abhishek Erram , Ashwin A. Tulapurkar

Current-induced magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque (SOT) holds considerable promise for next generation ultralow-power memory and logic applications. In most cases, generation of spin-orbit torques has relied on an external…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-03-03 Yu Sheng , Yi Cao , Kevin William Edmonds , Yang Ji , Houzhi Zheng , Kaiyou Wang

Electrically controllable non-volatile magnetic memories show great potential for the replacement of semiconductor-based technologies. Recently there has been strong interest in spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization reversal due to…

Magnetization switching by current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) is of great interest due to its potential applications for ultralow-power memory and logic devices. In order to be of technological interest, SOT effects need to switch…

Magnetization reversal of a perpendicular ferromagnetic free layer by spin-orbit torque (SOT) is an attractive alternative to spin-transfer torque (STT) switching in magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) where the write process involves…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-11-19 Yong-Chang Lau , Davide Betto , Karsten Rode , JMD Coey , Plamen Stamenov

Magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque (SOT) via spin Hall effect represents as a competitive alternative to that by spin-transfer torque (STT) used for magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), as it does not require high-density…

Materials Science · Physics 2019-02-19 Yang Liu , Bing Zhou , Jian-Gang Zhu

Spin-orbit torque (SOT)-induced magnetization switching shows promise for realizing ultrafast and reliable spintronics devices. Bipolar switching of perpendicular magnetization via SOT is achieved under an in-plane magnetic field collinear…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-05-04 Shunsuke Fukami , Chaoliang Zhang , Samik DuttaGupta , Hideo Ohno

Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) driven by spin-transfer torque (STT) is a major contender for future memory applications. The energy dissipation involved in writing remains problematic, even with the advent of more efficient…

Spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) is an attractive alternative to current random access memory technologies due to its non-volatility, fast operation and high endurance. STT-MRAM does though have…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2018-08-27 Noriyuki Sato , Fen Xue , Robert M. White , Chong Bi , Shan X. Wang

For energy efficient and fast magnetic memories, switching of perpendicular magnetization by the spin-orbit torque (SOT) appears as a very promising solution, even more using magnetic insulators that suppress electrical shunting. This SOT…

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