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This paper presents a new framework for player valuation in European football, by fusing principles from financial mathematics and network theory. The valuation model leverages a "passing matrix" to encapsulate player interactions on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-10-11 Albert Cohen , Jimmy Risk

Transfers in professional football (soccer) are risky investments because of the large transfer fees and high risks involved. Although data-driven models can be used to improve transfer decisions, existing models focus on describing…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-29 Koen W. van Arem , Floris Goes-Smit , Jakob Söhl

Quantitative analysis of soccer players' passing ability focuses on descriptive statistics without considering the players' real contribution to the passing and ball possession strategy of their team. Which player is able to help the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Laszlo Gyarmati , Rade Stanojevic

The increasing availability of spatio-temporal tracking data has created new opportunities for analysing tactical behaviour in football. However, many existing approaches evaluate passes primarily through outcome-based metrics such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Oktay Karakuş , Hasan Arkadaş

Even though Google Research Football (GRF) was initially benchmarked and studied as a single-agent environment in its original paper, recent years have witnessed an increasing focus on its multi-agent nature by researchers utilizing it as a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Yan Song , He Jiang , Haifeng Zhang , Zheng Tian , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

Analyzing football score data with statistical techniques, we investigate how the not purely random, but highly co-operative nature of the game is reflected in averaged properties such as the probability distributions of scored goals for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-04-02 Elmar Bittner , Andreas Nussbaumer , Wolfhard Janke , Martin Weigel

We propose a player rating mechanism for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS ), a popular e-sport, by analyzing players' Plus/Minus values. The Plus/Minus value represents the average point difference between a player's team and the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-10 Hongyu Xu , Sarat Moka

Predicting the outcomes of future events is a challenging problem for which a variety of solution methods have been explored and attempted. We present an empirical comparison of a variety of online and offline adaptive algorithms for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Varsha Dani , Omid Madani , David M Pennock , Sumit Sanghai , Brian Galebach

Evaluating the individual movements for teammates in soccer players is crucial for assessing teamwork, scouting, and fan engagement. It has been said that players in a 90-min game do not have the ball for about 87 minutes on average.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Masakiyo Teranishi , Kazushi Tsutsui , Kazuya Takeda , Keisuke Fujii

In soccer, game context can result in skewing offensive statistics in ways that might misrepresent how well a team has played. For instance, in England's 1-2 loss to France in the 2022 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal, England attempted…

Applications · Statistics 2025-08-07 Andrey Skripnikov , Ahmet Cemek , David Gillman

We propose a new mathematical model for the decision-making of players in football (soccer) and the efficiency of the game style. Our approach is based on $4$-networks, which is a mathematical concept that we introduce. The decision of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-01-31 Brahim Boudine

The National Basketball Association (NBA) imposes a player salary cap. It is therefore useful to develop tools to measure the relative realized return of a player's salary given their on court performance. Very few such studies exist,…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-03 Jackson P. Lautier

Understanding football tactics is crucial for managers and analysts. Previous research has proposed models based on spatial and kinematic equations, but these are computationally expensive. Also, Reinforcement learning approaches use player…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kenjiro Ide , Taiga Someya , Kohei Kawaguchi , Keisuke Fujii

In this paper, I introduce RisingBALLER, the first publicly available approach that leverages a transformer model trained on football match data to learn match-specific player representations. Drawing inspiration from advances in language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Akedjou Achraff Adjileye

How does one objectively measure the performance of an individual offensive lineman in the NFL? The existing literature proposes various measures that rely on subjective assessments of game film, but has yet to develop an objective…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-04-12 Nikhil Byanna , Diego Klabjan

A typical approach to quantify the contribution of each player in basketball uses the plus-minus method. The ratings obtained by such a method are estimated using simple regression models and their regularized variants, with response…

Applications · Statistics 2024-11-01 Argyro Damoulaki , Ioannis Ntzoufras , Konstantinos Pelechrinis

Evaluating a soccer player's performance can be challenging due to the high costs and small margins involved in recruitment decisions. Raw observational statistics further complicate an accurate individual skill assessment as they do not…

Applications · Statistics 2024-12-10 Alexandre Andorra , Maximilian Göbel

This article describes an application of three well-known statistical methods in the field of game-tree search: using a large number of classified Othello positions, feature weights for evaluation functions with a game-phase-independent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-17 M. Buro

It is customary for researchers and practitioners to fit linear models in order to predict NBA player's salary based on the players' performance on court. On the contrary, we focus on the players salary share (with regards to the team…

Applications · Statistics 2022-02-07 Ioanna Papadaki , Michail Tsagris

Although basketball is a dualistic sport, with all players competing on both offense and defense, almost all of the sport's conventional metrics are designed to summarize offensive play. As a result, player valuations are largely based on…

Applications · Statistics 2015-05-29 Alexander Franks , Andrew Miller , Luke Bornn , Kirk Goldsberry