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Although the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine is the largest and most well-known web archive, there have been a number of public web archives that have emerged in the last several years. With varying resources, audiences and collection…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-01-08 Scott G. Ainsworth , Ahmed AlSum , Hany SalahEldeen , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

We document strategies and lessons learned from sampling the web by collecting 27.3 million URLs with 3.8 billion archived pages spanning 26 years (1996-2021) from the Internet Archive's (IA) Wayback Machine. Our goal is to revisit…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Kritika Garg , Sawood Alam , Dietrich Ayala , Mark Graham , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Upon replay, JavaScript on archived web pages can generate recurring HTTP requests that lead to unnecessary traffic to the web archive. In one example, an archived page averaged more than 1000 requests per minute. These requests are not…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Kritika Garg , Himarsha R. Jayanetti , Sawood Alam , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Archiving Web pages into themed collections is a method for ensuring these resources are available for posterity. Services such as Archive-It exists to allow institutions to develop, curate, and preserve collections of Web resources.…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Yasmin AlNoamany , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Social media content has grown exponentially in the recent years and the role of social media has evolved from just narrating life events to actually shaping them. In this paper we explore how many resources shared in social media are still…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2012-09-17 Hany M. SalahEldeen , Michael L. Nelson

Web archives are a historically valuable source of information. In some respects, web archives are the only record of the evolution of human society in the last two decades. They preserve a mix of personal and collective memories, the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Miguel Costa

Web archives preserve unique and historically valuable information. They hold a record of past events and memories published by all kinds of people, such as journalists, politicians and ordinary people who have shared their testimony and…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Miguel Costa , Julien Masanès

Historians and researchers trust web archives to preserve social media content that no longer exists on the live web. However, what we see on the live web and how it is replayed in the archive are not always the same. In this paper, we…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Kritika Garg , Himarsha R. Jayanetti , Sawood Alam , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

As web technologies evolve, web archivists work to keep up so that our digital history is preserved. Recent advances in web technologies have introduced client-side executed scripts that load data without a referential identifier or that…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Mat Kelly , Justin F. Brunelle , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Although web advertisements represent an inimitable part of digital cultural heritage, serious archiving and replay challenges persist. To explore these challenges, we created a dataset of 279 archived ads. We encountered five problems in…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Travis Reid , Alex H. Poole , Hyung Wook Choi , Christopher Rauch , Mat Kelly , Michael L. Nelson , Michele C. Weigle

The Web consists of numerous Web communities, news sources, and services, which are often exploited by various entities for the dissemination of false information. Yet, we lack tools and techniques to effectively track the propagation of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Savvas Zannettou

Web archive analytics is the exploitation of publicly accessible web pages and their evolution for research purposes -- to the extent organizationally possible for researchers. In order to better understand the complexity of this task, the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Michael Völske , Janek Bevendorff , Johannes Kiesel , Benno Stein , Maik Fröbe , Matthias Hagen , Martin Potthast

The Internet Archive's (IA) Wayback Machine is the largest and oldest public web archive and has become a significant repository of our recent history and cultural heritage. Despite its importance, there has been little research about how…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-09-17 Yasmin AlNoamany , Ahmed AlSum , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Web archives, a key area of digital preservation, meet the needs of journalists, social scientists, historians, and government organizations. The use cases for these groups often require that they guide the archiving process themselves,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Shawn M. Jones , Alexander Nwala , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

To perform a longitudinal investigation of web archives and detecting variations and changes replaying individual archived pages, or mementos, we created a sample of 16,627 mementos from 17 public web archives. Over the course of our…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Mohamed Aturban , Michael L. Nelson , Michele C. Weigle

Screenshots of social media posts are a common approach for information sharing. Unfortunately, before sharing a screenshot, users rarely verify whether the attribution of the post is fake or real. There are numerous legitimate reasons to…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Tarannum Zaki , Michael L. Nelson , Michele C. Weigle

In recent years, journalists and other researchers have used web archives as an important resource for their study of disinformation. This paper provides several examples of this use and also brings together some of the work that the Old…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Michele C. Weigle

In a Web plagued by disappearing resources, Web archive collections provide a valuable means of preserving Web resources important to the study of past events ranging from elections to disease outbreaks. These archived collections start…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Alexander C. Nwala , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Although user access patterns on the live web are well-understood, there has been no corresponding study of how users, both humans and robots, access web archives. Based on samples from the Internet Archive's public Wayback Machine, we…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-09-17 Yasmin AlNoamany , Michele C. Weigle , Michael L. Nelson

Digital archives are the preferred means for open access to research data. They play essential roles in knowledge infrastructures - robust networks of people, artifacts, and institutions - but little is known about how they mediate…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Christine L. Borgman , Andrea Scharnhorst , Milena S. Golshan
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