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A finite word $w$ of length $n$ contains at most $n+1$ distinct palindromic factors. If the bound $n+1$ is attained, the word $w$ is called rich. An infinite word $w$ is called rich if every finite factor of $w$ is rich. Let $w$ be a word…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-21 Josef Rukavicka

We investigate the expressive power of regular expressions for languages of countable words and establish their expressive equivalence with logical and algebraic characterizations. Our goal is to extend the classical theory of regular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Thomas Colcombet , A V Sreejith

We study an infinite countable iteration of the natural product between ordinals. We present an "effective" way to compute this countable natural product, in the non trivial cases the result depends only on the natural sum of the degrees of…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-09-10 Paolo Lipparini

It is known that there are infinite words over finite alphabets with Abelian repetition threshold arbitrarily close to 1; however, the construction previously used involves huge alphabets. In this note we give a short cyclic morphism…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-29 James D. Currie , Narad Rampersad

We investigate the scattered palindromic subwords in a finite word. We start by characterizing the words with the least number of scattered palindromic subwords. Then, we give an upper bound for the total number of palindromic subwords in a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Kalpana Mahalingam , Palak Pandoh

A {\em square} is a word of the form $uu$. In this paper we prove that for a given finite word $w$, the number of distinct square factors of $w$ is bounded by $|w|-|\Alphabet(w)|+1$, where $|w|$ denotes the length of $w$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-27 Srečko Brlek , Shuo Li

Rote words are infinite words that contain $2n$ factors of length $n$ for every $n \geq 1$. Shallit and Shur, as well as Ollinger and Shallit, showed that there are Rote words that avoid $(5/2)^+$-powers and that this is best possible. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-22 James Currie , Narad Rampersad

Two languages are separable by a piecewise testable language if and only if there exists no infinite tower between them. An infinite tower is an infinite sequence of strings alternating between the two languages such that every string is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-13 Štěpán Holub , Tomáš Masopust , Michaël Thomazo

The paper deals with balances and imbalances in Arnoux-Rauzy words. We provide sufficient conditions for $C$-balancedness, but our results indicate that even a characterization of 2-balanced Arnoux-Rauzy words on a 3-letter alphabet is not…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-11-21 Valérie Berthé , Julien Cassaigne , Wolfgang Steiner

Connections are found between the two-component percolation problem and the conductor/insulator percolation problem. These produce relations between critical exponents, and suggest formulae connecting the conductivity exponents in different…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-01-06 Clinton DeW. Van Siclen

We present an algorithm to build an automaton from a rational expression. This approach introduces support for extended weighted expressions. Inspired by derived-term based algorithms, its core relies on a different construct, rational…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-06 Akim Demaille

We define a class of languages of infinite words over infinite alphabets, and the corresponding automata. The automata used for recognition are a generalisation of deterministic Muller automata to the setting of nominal sets. Remarkably,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-16 Vincenzo Ciancia , Matteo Sammartino

An algorithm for optimizing the MERA tensor network in an infinite system is presented. Using this technique we compute the critical exponents of Ising and XXZ model.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 S. Montangero , M. Rizzi , V. Giovannetti , R. Fazio

The Hardy-Littlewood majorant problem has a positive answer only for expo- nents p which are even integers, while there are counterexamples for all p =2 2N. Montgomery conjectured that there exist counterexamples even among idempotent…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-11-26 Sándor Krenedits

We deal with countable alphabet locally compact random subshifts of finite type (the latter merely meaning that the symbol space is generated by an incidence matrix) under the absence of Big Images Property and under the absence of uniform…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-09-02 Volker Mayer , Mariusz Urbanski

Term algebras are important objects in computer science and are correspondingly well-studied. A natural generalization is to quotient these algebras by finitely many ground term equations, obtaining what we call almost free algebras. One of…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Yifan Jia , Heer Tern Koh , Bakh Khoussainov

We completely characterize the words that can be avoided in infinite squarefree ternary words.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Narad Rampersad

In this note explicit algorithms for calculating the exponentials of important structured 4 x 4 matrices are provided. These lead to closed form formulae for these exponentials. The techniques rely on one particular Clifford Algebra…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Viswanath Ramakrishna , F. Costa

We consider words over a binary alphabet. A word $w$ is overlap-free if it does not have factors (blocks of consecutive letters) of the form $uvuvu$ for nonempty $u$. Let $M(w)$ denote the number of positions that are middle positions of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-11 Tero Harju

We show that there exists an uniformly recurrent infinite word whose set of factors is closed under reversal and which has only finitely many palindromic factors.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-03-16 Jean Berstel , Luc Boasson , Olivier Carton , Isabelle Fagnot