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DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, which makes error-correcting coding techniques critical for reliable DNA data storage. To reduce the errors, a common technique is to include…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Franziska Weindel , Andreas L. Gimpel , Robert N. Grass , Reinhard Heckel

Composite DNA is a recent method to increase the base alphabet size in DNA-based data storage.This paper models synthesizing and sequencing of composite DNA and introduces coding techniques to correct substitutions, losses of entire…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Frederik Walter , Omer Sabary , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi

We describe a strategy for constructing codes for DNA-based information storage by serial composition of weighted finite-state transducers. The resulting state machines can integrate correction of substitution errors; synchronization by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Ian Holmes

Data storage in DNA is developing as a possible solution for archival digital data. Recently, to further increase the potential capacity of DNA-based data storage systems, the combinatorial composite DNA synthesis method was suggested. This…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Omer Sabary , Inbal Preuss , Ryan Gabrys , Zohar Yakhini , Leon Anavy , Eitan Yaakobi

DNA, with remarkable properties of high density, durability, and replicability, is one of the most appealing storage media. Emerging DNA storage technologies use composite DNA letters, where information is represented by probability…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wenkai Zhang , Zhiying Wang

DNA Data storage has recently attracted much attention due to its durable preservation and extremely high information density (bits per gram) properties. In this work, we propose a hybrid coding strategy comprising of generalized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Yixin Wang , Li Deng , Md. Noor-A-Rahim , Erry Gunawan , Yong L. Guan , Zhi P. Shi , Chueh L. Poh

The DNA storage channel is considered, in which a codeword is comprised of $M$ unordered DNA molecules. At reading time, $N$ molecules are sampled with replacement, and then each molecule is sequenced. A coded-index concatenated-coding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Nir Weinberger

A new family of codes, called clustering-correcting codes, is presented in this paper. This family of codes is motivated by the special structure of data that is stored in DNA-based storage systems. The data stored in these systems has the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Tal Shinkar , Eitan Yaakobi , Andreas Lenz , Antonia Wachter-Zeh

In this review paper, we delve into the nascent field of molecular data storage, focusing on system implementations and code constructions. We start by providing an overview of basic concepts in synthetic and computational biology.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Olgica Milenkovic , Chao Pan

Storing digital data in synthetic DNA faces challenges in ensuring data reliability in the presence of edit errors--deletions, insertions, and substitutions--that occur randomly during various stages of the storage process. Current…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Serge Kas Hanna

We provide an overview of current approaches to DNA-based storage system design and accompanying synthesis, sequencing and editing methods. We also introduce and analyze a suite of new constrained coding schemes for both archival and random…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2015-07-08 S. M. Hossein Tabatabaei Yazdi , Han Mao Kiah , Eva Ruiz Garcia , Jian Ma , Huimin Zhao , Olgica Milenkovic

We study the amount of reliable information that can be stored in a DNA-based storage system with noisy sequencing, where each codeword is composed of short DNA molecules. We analyze a concatenated coding scheme, where the outer code is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ran Tamir , Nir Weinberger , Albert Guillén i Fàbregas

The synthesis of DNA strands remains the most costly part of the DNA storage system. Thus, to make DNA storage system more practical, the time and materials used in the synthesis process have to be optimized. We consider the most common…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Johan Chrisnata , Han Mao Kiah , Van Long Phuoc Pham

A method for encoding information in DNA sequences is described. The method is based on the precision-resolution framework, and is aimed to work in conjunction with a recently suggested terminator-free template independent DNA synthesis…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Siddharth Jain , Farzad Farnoud , Moshe Schwartz , Jehoshua Bruck

We propose a novel coding scheme for DNA-based storage systems, called the shift-interleave (SI) coding, designed to correct insertion, deletion, and substitution (IDS) errors, as well as sequence losses. The SI coding scheme employs…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Ryo Shibata , Haruhiko Kaneko

Due to their sequential nature, traditional DNA synthesis methods are expensive in terms of time and resources. They also fabricate multiple copies of the same strand, introducing redundancy. This redundancy can be leveraged to enhance the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Frederik Walter , Yonatan Yehezkeally

Convolutional codes are error-correcting linear codes that utilize shift registers to encode. These codes have an arbitrary block size and they can incorporate both past and current information bits. DNA codes represent DNA sequences and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Paridhi Latawa , Nuh Aydin

DNA based storage systems received attention by many researchers. This includes archival and re-writable random access DNA based storage systems. In this work, we have developed an efficient technique to encode the data into DNA sequence by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Dixita Limbachiya , Vijay Dhameliya , Madhav Khakhar , Manish K Gupta

Synthetic DNA approaches 227.5 exabytes per gram of storage density with stability over millennial timescales. Realising this capacity requires error-correction codes that recover data from substantial synthesis and sequencing errors.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-23 James L. Banal

DNA-based data storage has been attracting significant attention due to its extremely high data storage density, low power consumption, and long duration compared to conventional data storage media. Despite the recent advancements in DNA…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yi Ding , Xuan He , Tuan Thanh Nguyen , Wentu Song , Zohar Yakhini , Eitan Yaakobi , Linqiang Pan , Xiaohu Tang , Kui Cai