Related papers: Almost Every Simply Typed Lambda-Term Has a Long B…

Let At denote the set of infinite sequences of effective dimension t. We determine both how close and how far an infinite sequence of dimension s can be from one of dimension t, measured using the Besicovitch pseudometric. We also identify…

We present a full formalization in Martin-L\"of's Constructive Type Theory of the Standardization Theorem for the Lambda Calculus using first-order syntax with one sort of names for both free and bound variables and Stoughton's multiple…

We prove that many seemingly simple theories have Borel complete reducts. Specifically, if a countable theory has uncountably many complete 1-types, then it has a Borel complete reduct. Similarly, if $Th(M)$ is not small, then $M^{eq}$ has…

We introduce a sequent calculus with a simple restriction of Lambek's product rules that precisely captures the classical Tamari order, i.e., the partial order on fully-bracketed words (equivalently, binary trees) induced by a…

We study the question of whether for each n there is another integer m with lambda(m)=lambda(n), where lambda is Carmichael's function. We give a "near" proof of the fact that this is the case unconditionally, and a complete conditional…

A supersequence over a finite set is a sequence that contains as subsequence all permutations of the set. This paper defines an infinite array of methods to create supersequences of decreasing lengths. This yields the shortest known…

A $k$-universal permutation, or $k$-superpermutation, is a permutation that contains all permutations of length $k$ as patterns. The problem of finding the minimum length of a $k$-superpermutation has recently received significant attention…

We define a new cost model for the call-by-value lambda-calculus satisfying the invariance thesis. That is, under the proposed cost model, Turing machines and the call-by-value lambda-calculus can simulate each other within a polynomial…

In this paper we show that, if an increasing sequence $\Lambda=(\lambda_k)_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}$ has gaps going to infinity $\lambda_{k+1}-\lambda_k\to +\infty$ when $k\to\pm\infty$, then for every $T>0$ and every sequence…

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) often impose limitations on the length of the text input to ensure the generation of fluent and relevant responses. This constraint restricts their applicability in scenarios involving long…

We prove lower bounds on the length of regular expressions for finite languages by methods from arithmetic circuit complexity. First, we show a reduction: the length of a regular expression for a language $L\subseteq \{0,1\}^n$ is bounded…

In this paper, given a simple linear recurrence sequence of algebraic numbers, which has either a dominant characteristic root or exactly two characteristic roots of maximal modulus, we give some explicit lower bounds for the index beyond…

We show that the finiteness length of an $S$-arithmetic subgroup $\Gamma$ in a noncommutative isotropic absolutely almost simple group $G$ over a global function field is one less than the sum of the local ranks of $G$ taken over the places…

The lambda calculus since more than half a century is a model and foundation of functional programming languages. However, lambda expressions can be evaluated with different reduction strategies and thus, there is no fixed cost model nor…

Consider the number of permutations in the symmetric group on n letters that contain c copies of a given pattern. As c varies (with n held fixed) these numbers form a sequence whose properties we study for the monotone patterns and the…

We construct an internal language for cartesian closed bicategories. Precisely, we introduce a type theory modelling the structure of a cartesian closed bicategory and show that its syntactic model satisfies an appropriate universal…

Latent reasoning represents a new development in Transformer language models that has shown potential in compressing reasoning lengths compared to chain-of-thought reasoning. By directly passing the information-rich previous final latent…

Given an infinite set \Lambda of characters on a compact abelian group we show that \Lambda is a \Lambda(p)-set for all p>2 if and only if the limit order of the ideal of all \Lambda-summing operators coincides with that of the ideal of all…

Given an abelian category, we characterize the long exact sequences of length six which can be obtained from the snake lemma. Equivalently, these are the long exact sequences which arise as the homology of a triangle in the corresponding…

The ``comma sequence'' starts with 1 and is defined by the property that if k and k' are consecutive terms, the two-digit number formed from the last digit of k and the first digit of k' is equal to the difference k'-k. If there is more…