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Watermarking embeds imperceptible patterns into images for authenticity verification. However, existing methods often lack robustness against various transformations primarily including distortions, image regeneration, and adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Inzamamul Alam , Md Tanvir Islam , Khan Muhammad , Simon S. Woo

This paper introduces a novel watermarking method for diffusion models. It is based on guiding the diffusion process using the gradient computed from any off-the-shelf watermark decoder. The gradient computation encompasses different image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Enoal Gesny , Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon , Vivien Chappelier

Training deep neural networks from scratch could be computationally expensive and requires a lot of training data. Recent work has explored different watermarking techniques to protect the pre-trained deep neural networks from potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Xinyun Chen , Wenxiao Wang , Chris Bender , Yiming Ding , Ruoxi Jia , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Watermarking data for source tracking applications by its owner can be unfair for recipients because the data owner may redistribute the same watermarked data to many users. Hence, each data recipient should know the watermark embedded in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Mesfer Mohammed Alqarni

Internet is one of the most valuable resources for information communication and retrievals. Most multimedia signals today are in digital formats. The digital data can be duplicated and edited with great ease which has led to a need for…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-05-01 Rupa Patel , Urmila Shrawankar , V. M Thakare

Digital watermarking is extensively used in ownership authentication and copyright protection. In this paper, we propose an efficient thresholding scheme to improve the watermark embedding procedure in an image. For the proposed algorithm,…

We present the first in depth study on the robustness of existing watermarking techniques applied to code generated by large language models (LLMs). As LLMs increasingly contribute to software development, watermarking has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tarun Suresh , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

This paper considers the problem of designing physical watermark signals in order to optimally detect possible replay attack in a linear time-invariant system, under the assumption that the system parameters are unknown and need to be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-06 Hanxiao Liu , Yilin Mo , Jiaqi Yan , Lihua Xie , Karl H. Johansson

In recent years, there has been significant advancement in the field of model watermarking techniques. However, the protection of image-processing neural networks remains a challenge, with only a limited number of methods being developed.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Huajie Chen , Tianqing Zhu , Chi Liu , Shui Yu , Wanlei Zhou

Watermarks are an essential tool for identifying AI-generated content. Recently, Christ and Gunn (CRYPTO '24) introduced pseudorandom error-correcting codes (PRCs), which are equivalent to watermarks with strong robustness and quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Miranda Christ , Noah Golowich , Sam Gunn , Ankur Moitra , Daniel Wichs

Invisible watermarking for autoregressive (AR) image generation has recently gained attention as a means of protecting image ownership and tracing AI-generated content. However, existing approaches suffer from three key limitations: (1)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yigit Yilmaz , Elena Petrova , Mehmet Kaya , Lucia Rossi , Amir Rahman

We present the first undetectable watermarking scheme for generative image models. Undetectability ensures that no efficient adversary can distinguish between watermarked and un-watermarked images, even after making many adaptive queries.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Sam Gunn , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

As digital content can be copied easily, Copyright infringement has become a concern nowadays. Providing a solution to prevent the abuse of such contents is very necessary. One of the most common methods to solve this problem is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Shiva Sattarpoor , Hamid Barati

Vulnerability of watermarking schemes against intense signal processing attacks is generally a major concern, particularly when there are techniques to reproduce an acceptable copy of the original signal with no chance for detecting the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-01-09 Hossein Bakhshi Golestani , Shahrokh Ghaemmaghami

Robust watermarking is critical for intellectual property protection, whereas existing methods face a severe vulnerability against regeneration-based AIGC attacks. We identify that existing methods fail because they entangle the watermark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Haoyuan He , Yu Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

The frequent exchange of multimedia information in the present era projects an increasing demand for copyright protection. In this work, we propose a novel audio zero-watermarking technology based on graph Fourier transform for enhancing…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Longting Xu , Daiyu Huang , Syed Faham Ali Zaidi , Abdul Rauf , Rohan Kumar Das

Physical design watermarking on contemporary integrated circuit (IC) layout encodes signatures without considering the dense connections and design constraints, which could lead to performance degradation on the watermarked products. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ruisi Zhang , Rachel Selina Rajarathnam , David Z. Pan , Farinaz Koushanfar

We study a basic question about cryptographic watermarking for generative models: how reliable can a watermark remain when an adversary is allowed to corrupt the encoded signal? To address this question, we introduce a minimal coding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Danilo Francati , Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake , Shubham Pawar , Daniele Venturi , Giuseppe Ateniese

Most of the well known algorithms for watermarking of digital images involve transformation of the image data to Fourier or singular vector space. In this paper, we introduce watermarking in Hilbert transform domain for digital media.…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2010-12-15 Rashmi Agarwal , R. Krishnan , M. S. Santhanam , K. Srinivas , K. Venugopalan

Graph transformers extend global self-attention to graph-structured data, achieving notable success in graph learning. Recently, random walk structural encoding (RWSE) has been found to further enhance their predictive power by encoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Louis Airale , Antonio Longa , Mattia Rigon , Andrea Passerini , Roberto Passerone