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This paper introduces a high-order Markov chain task to investigate how transformers learn to integrate information from multiple past positions with varying statistical significance. We demonstrate that transformers learn this task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Oğuz Kaan Yüksel , Rodrigo Alvarez Lucendo , Nicolas Flammarion

Solving chemistry is an integral part of reacting flow simulations, usually dominating the computational cost. Among the different strategies to accelerate the solution of chemistry and to achieve realizable simulations, the use of Dynamic…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-03-20 Anurag Surapaneni , Daniel Mira Martinez

Predicting structural and energetic properties of a molecular system is one of the fundamental tasks in molecular simulations, and it has use cases in chemistry, biology, and medicine. In the past decade, the advent of machine learning…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Sajjad Heydari , Stefano Raniolo , Lorenzo Livi , Vittorio Limongelli

We address the problem of simulation and parameter inference for chemical reaction networks described by the chemical Langevin equation, a stochastic differential equation (SDE) representation of the dynamics of the chemical species. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-18 Petar Jovanovski , Andrew Golightly , Umberto Picchini , Massimiliano Tamborrino

Spatio-temporal biochemical signaling in a large class of protein-protein interaction networks is well modeled by a reaction-diffusion system. The global existence of the solution to the reaction-diffusion system is determined by the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-08-09 Insoon Yang , Claire J. Tomlin

Exploring large chemical reaction networks with automated exploration approaches and accurate quantum chemical methods can require prohibitively large computational resources. Here, we present an automated exploration approach that focuses…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Moritz Bensberg , Markus Reiher

This paper analyses of a stochastic model of a chemical reaction network with three types of chemical species ${\cal R}$, ${\cal M}$ and ${\cal U}$ that interact to transform a flow of external resources, the chemical species ${\cal Q}$, to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Vincent Fromion , Philippe Robert , Jana Zaherddine

The task of inferring high-level causal variables from low-level observations, commonly referred to as causal representation learning, is fundamentally underconstrained. As such, recent works to address this problem focus on various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Simon Bing , Urmi Ninad , Jonas Wahl , Jakob Runge

Chemical reaction network theory is a powerful framework to describe and analyze chemical systems. While much about the concentration profile in an equilibrium state can be determined in terms of the graph structure, the overall reaction's…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-29 Tomoharu Suda

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) were recently proposed in [1] as an alternative way to solve partial differential equations (PDEs). A neural network (NN) represents the solution while a PDE-induced NN is coupled to the solution NN,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-10-22 Xiaoli Chen , Jinqiao Duan , George Em Karniadakis

Mass-action kinetics is frequently used in systems biology to model the behaviour of interacting chemical species. Many important dynamical properties are known to hold for such systems if they are weakly reversible and have a low…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2014-07-15 Matthew D. Johnston , David Siegel , Gábor Szederkényi

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have recently emerged as powerful tools for interpreting and steering the internal representations of large language models (LLMs). However, conventional approaches to analyzing SAEs typically rely solely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Dong Shu , Xuansheng Wu , Haiyan Zhao , Mengnan Du , Ninghao Liu

Autonomous reaction network exploration algorithms offer a systematic approach to explore mechanisms of complex chemical processes. However, the resulting reaction networks are so vast that an exploration of all potentially accessible…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Miguel Steiner , Markus Reiher

Stochastic models for chemical reaction networks have become very popular in recent years. For such models, the estimation of parameter sensitivities is an important and challenging problem. Sensitivity values help in analyzing the network,…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-10-08 Ankit Gupta , Mustafa Khammash

Mapping reaction pathways and transition states (TS) is fundamental to chemistry but computationally expensive at scale. The minimum energy pathway (MEP) dictates reaction rates and mechanisms, yet recovering it via electronic-structure…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Rémi Schlama , Philippe Schwaller

This work introduces a comprehensive approach utilizing data-driven methods to elucidate the deposition process regimes in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) reactors and the interplay of physical mechanism that dominate in each one of them.…

It is fundamental for science and technology to be able to predict chemical reactions and their properties. To achieve such skills, it is important to develop good representations of chemical reactions, or good deep learning architectures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Mohammadamin Tavakoli , Alexander Shmakov , Francesco Ceccarelli , Pierre Baldi

Cataloging the complex behaviors of dynamical systems can be challenging, even when they are well-described by a simple mechanistic model. If such a system is of limited analytical tractability, brute force simulation is often the only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Hunter Elliott

Learning governing equations allows for deeper understanding of the structure and dynamics of data. We present a random sampling method for learning structured dynamical systems from under-sampled and possibly noisy state-space…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-14 Hayden Schaeffer , Giang Tran , Rachel Ward , Linan Zhang

The discovery of transition pathways to unravel distinct reaction mechanisms and, in general, rare events that occur in molecular systems is still a challenge. Recent advances have focused on analyzing the transition path ensemble using the…