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The recent article `Satellite conjunction analysis and the false confidence theorem' (Balch, Martin, and Ferson, 2019, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A) points to certain difficulties with Bayesian analysis when used for models…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-26 Céline Cunen , Nils Lid Hjort , Tore Schweder

The posterior probability distribution for a set of model parameters encodes all that the data have to tell us in the context of a given model; it is the fundamental quantity for Bayesian parameter estimation. In order to infer the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Rupert Allison , Joanna Dunkley

Testing the equality of two proportions is a common procedure in science, especially in medicine and public health. In these domains it is crucial to be able to quantify evidence for the absence of a treatment effect. Bayesian hypothesis…

Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) are commonly used to analyze correlated discrete or continuous response data. In Bayesian GLMMs, the often-used improper priors may yield undesirable improper posterior distributions. Thus, verifying…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-17 Yalin Rao , Vivekananda Roy

The classical Bayesian posterior arises naturally as the unique solution of several different optimization problems, without the necessity of interpreting data as conditional probabilities and then using Bayes' Theorem. For example, the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-02 Theodore P. Hill , Marco Dall'Aglio

Full Bayesian posteriors are rarely analytically tractable, which is why real-world Bayesian inference heavily relies on approximate techniques. Approximations generally differ from the true posterior and require diagnostic tools to assess…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-08 Luca Rendsburg , Agustinus Kristiadi , Philipp Hennig , Ulrike von Luxburg

Posterior predictive p-values are a common approach to Bayesian model-checking. This article analyses their frequency behaviour, that is, their distribution when the parameters and the data are drawn from the prior and the model…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-31 Patrick Rubin-Delanchy , Daniel John Lawson

Especially when facing reliability data with limited information (e.g., a small number of failures), there are strong motivations for using Bayesian inference methods. These include the option to use information from physics-of-failure or…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-27 Qinglong Tian , Colin Lewis-Beck , Jarad Niemi , William Meeker

We propose a Bayesian inference framework to estimate uncertainties in inverse scattering problems. Given the observed data, the forward model and their uncertainties, we find the posterior distribution over a finite parameter field…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-17 Ana Carpio , Sergei Iakunin , Georg Stadler

Cosmological inference becomes increasingly difficult when complex data-generating processes cannot be modeled by simple probability distributions. With the ever-increasing size of data sets in cosmology, there is increasing burden placed…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Anja Weyant , Chad Schafer , W. Michael Wood-Vasey

Bayesian model comparison (BMC) offers a principled probabilistic approach to study and rank competing models. In standard BMC, we construct a discrete probability distribution over the set of possible models, conditional on the observed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-22 Marvin Schmitt , Stefan T. Radev , Paul-Christian Bürkner

Many approximate Bayesian inference methods assume a particular parametric form for approximating the posterior distribution. A multivariate Gaussian distribution provides a convenient density for such approaches; examples include the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-20 Jackson Zhou , Clara Grazian , John Ormerod

Many modern statistical applications involve inference for complicated stochastic models for which the likelihood function is difficult or even impossible to calculate, and hence conventional likelihood-based inferential echniques cannot be…

Computation · Statistics 2013-05-29 Simon R. White , Theodore Kypraios , Simon P. Preston

This paper presents a study of the large-sample behavior of the posterior distribution of a structural parameter which is partially identified by moment inequalities. The posterior density is derived based on the limited information…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-01-13 Yuan Liao , Wenxin Jiang

Dirichlet process mixture models (DPMM) play a central role in Bayesian nonparametrics, with applications throughout statistics and machine learning. DPMMs are generally used in clustering problems where the number of clusters is not known…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-20 Chiao-Yu Yang , Eric Xia , Nhat Ho , Michael I. Jordan

Models are often misspecified in practice, making model criticism a key part of Bayesian analysis. It is important to detect not only when a model is wrong, but which aspects are wrong, and to do so in a computationally convenient and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-15 Christian T. Covington , Jeffrey W. Miller

The practical implementation of Bayesian inference requires numerical approximation when closed-form expressions are not available. What types of accuracy (convergence) of the numerical approximations guarantee robustness and what types do…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-04-21 Houman Owhadi , Clint Scovel

An efficient algorithm is proposed for Bayesian model calibration, which is commonly used to estimate the model parameters of non-linear, computationally expensive models using measurement data. The approach is based on Bayesian statistics:…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-11-06 L. M. M. van den Bos , B. Sanderse , W. A. A. M. Bierbooms , G. J. W. van Bussel

The current standard Bayesian approach to model calibration, which assigns a Gaussian process prior to the discrepancy term, often suffers from issues of unidentifiability and computational complexity and instability. When the goal is to…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-13 Spencer Woody , Novin Ghaffari , Lauren Hund

Replication of scientific studies is important for assessing the credibility of their results. However, there is no consensus on how to quantify the extent to which a replication study replicates an original result. We propose a novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Roberto Macrì-Demartino , Leonardo Egidi , Leonhard Held , Samuel Pawel
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