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The classical approach to inverse problems is based on the optimization of a misfit function. Despite its computational appeal, such an approach suffers from many shortcomings, e.g., non-uniqueness of solutions, modeling prior knowledge,…

Let $p$ and $q$ be distinct primes such that $q+1 | p-1$. In this paper we find all integer solutions $a$, $b$ to the equation $1/a + 1/b = (q+1)/pq$ using only elementary methods.

In this paper we solve the ternary Piatetski-Shapiro inequality with prime numbers of a special form. More precisely we show that, for any fixed $1<c<\frac{427}{400}$, every sufficiently large positive number $N$ and a small constant…

The purpose of this article is to formulate a number of probabilistic hidden-variable theorems, to provide proofs in some cases, and counterexamples to some conjectured relationships. The first theorem is the fundamental one. It asserts the…

This paper is devoted to study the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a one parameter family of nonlinear fractional differential equation with mixed boundary value conditions. Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative is considered. An…

In this paper, we give a positive answer to a problem posed by Nakagawa, Sakamoto and Yamamoto concerning a nonlinear equation with a fractional derivative.

In a recent paper, Yi-Ping Yu has given some interesting nonlinear moments of the Bernoulli umbra; the aim of this paper is to show the probabilistic counterpart of these results and to extend them to Bernoulli polynomials.

P\'{o}lya trees fix partitions and use random probabilities in order to construct random probability measures. With quantile pyramids we instead fix probabilities and use random partitions. For nonparametric Bayesian inference we use a…

We solve a sequential decision-making problem under uncertainty that takes into account the failure probability of a task. This problem cannot be handled by the stochastic shortest path problem, which is the standard model for sequential…

In this paper, we prove that there exists a unique solution to the Dirichlet boundary value problem for a general class of semilinear second order elliptic partial differential equations. Our approach is probabilistic. The theory of…

A conjecture of N. Terai states that for any integer $k>1$, the equation $x^2+(2k-1)^y =k^z$ has only one solution, namely, $(x, y, z) = (k-1, 1, 2).$ Using the structure of class groups of binary quadratic forms, we prove the conjecture…

How many fair coin tosses to choose 1 of $n$ options with uniform probability? Although a probability problem, the solution is essentially number-theoretic, with special roles for Mersenne numbers, Fermat numbers, and the haupt exponent. We…

We propose a probabilistic two-party communication complexity scenario with a prior nonmaximally entangled state, which results in less communication than that is required with only classical random correlations. A simple all-optical…

We give several general theorems concerning positive definite solutions of Riemann-Hilbert problems on the real line. Furthermore, as an example, we apply our theory to the characteristic function of a class of L\'{e}vy processes and we…

We investigate the existence, non-existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of positive solutions to the following problem: \begin{align}\label{P} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} D_{0+}^\alpha u + h(t)f(u) = 0, \quad 0<t<1, \\[1ex] u(0)=u(1)=0,…

We give optimal solutions to all versions of the popular counterfeit coin problem obtained by varying whether (i) we know if the counterfeit coin is heavier or lighter than the genuine ones, (ii) we know if the counterfeit coin exists,…

We study a degenerate elliptic equation, proving the existence of a W^{1,1}_0 distributional solution.

The problem 2-Xor-Sat asks for the probability that a random expression, built as a conjunction of clauses $x \oplus y$, is satisfiable. We revisit this classical problem by giving an alternative, explicit expression of this probability. We…

In this paper we show that, for any fixed $1<c<967/805$, every sufficiently large positive number $N$ and a small constant $\varepsilon>0$, the diophantine inequality \begin{equation*} |p_1^c+p_2^c+p_3^c+p_4^c-N|<\varepsilon \end{equation*}…

This paper presents a simplified method of expressing the solution to cubic equations in terms of function evaluation only. The method eliminates the need to manipulate the original coefficients of the cubic polynomial and makes the…