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Measurements are a vital part of any quantum computation, whether as a final step to retrieve results, as an intermediate step to inform subsequent operations, or as part of the computation itself (as in measurement-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-14 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

The presence of noise in quantum computers hinders their effective operation. Even though quantum error correction can theoretically remedy this problem, its practical realization is still a challenge. Testing and benchmarking noisy,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Adrian Ortega , Orsolya Kálmán , Tamás Kiss

Benchmarks that concisely summarize the performance of many-qubit quantum computers are essential for measuring progress towards the goal of useful quantum computation. In this work, we present a benchmarking framework that is based on…

As quantum computing hardware steadily increases in qubit count and quality, one important question is how to allocate these resources to mitigate the effects of hardware noise. In a transitional era between noisy small-scale and fully…

As a new research area, quantum software testing lacks systematic testing benchmarks to assess testing techniques' effectiveness. Recently, some open-source benchmarks and mutation analysis tools have emerged. However, there is insufficient…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Eñaut Mendiluze Usandizaga , Tao Yue , Paolo Arcaini , Shaukat Ali

Application-based benchmarks are increasingly used to quantify and compare quantum computers' performance. However, because contemporary quantum computers cannot run utility-scale computations, these benchmarks currently test this…

The present era of quantum processors with hundreds to thousands of noisy qubits has sparked interest in understanding the computational power of these devices and how to leverage it to solve practically relevant problems. For applications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Victor Martinez , Omar Fawzi , Daniel Stilck França

Unitary $k$-designs are distributions of unitary gates that match the Haar distribution up to its $k$-th statistical moment. They are a crucial resource for randomized quantum protocols. However, their implementation on encoded logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-25 Zihan Cheng , Eric Huang , Vedika Khemani , Michael J. Gullans , Matteo Ippoliti

As quantum circuits become more integrated and complex, additional error sources that were previously insignificant start to emerge. Consequently, the fidelity of quantum gates benchmarked under pristine conditions falls short of predicting…

We introduce a simulation-free method to estimate the fidelity of large quantum circuits based on the order statistics of measured output probabilities from highly entangled, chaotic states. The approach requires only the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Tobias Micklitz

Randomized benchmarking (RB) protocols are standard tools for characterizing quantum devices. Prior analyses of RB protocols have not provided a complete method for analyzing realistic data, resulting in a variety of ad-hoc methods. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-02 Ian Hincks , Joel J. Wallman , Chris Ferrie , Chris Granade , David G. Cory

Unitary designs are unitary ensembles that emulate Haar-random unitary statistics. They provide a vital tool for studying quantum randomness and have found broad applications in quantum technologies. However, existing research has focused…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Xiaodong Yang , Jiaqing Leng , Jun Li

Dynamic quantum circuits with mid-circuit measurements (MCMs) and feed-forward operations play a crucial role in various applications, such as quantum error correction and quantum algorithms. With advancements in quantum hardware enabling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Sumeet Shirgure , Efekan Kökcü , Anupam Mitra , Wibe Albert de Jong , Costin Iancu , Siyuan Niu

The rapid progress in the development of quantum devices is in large part due to the availability of a wide range of characterization techniques allowing to probe, test and adjust them. Nevertheless, these methods often make use of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Pedro Figueroa-Romero , Kavan Modi , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

On today's noisy imperfect quantum devices, execution fidelity tends to collapse dramatically for most applications beyond a handful of qubits. It is therefore imperative to employ novel techniques that can boost quantum fidelity in new…

Random unitaries are an important resource for quantum information processing. While their universal properties have been thoroughly analyzed, it is not known what happens to these properties when the unitaries are sampled on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Kristian Wold , Pedro Ribeiro , Sergey Denisov

Modelling non-linear activation functions on quantum computers is vital for quantum neurons employed in fully quantum neural networks, however, remains a challenging task. We introduce an amplitude-based implementation for approximating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-09 Jonas Koppe , Mark-Oliver Wolf

As quantum devices scale up, many-body quantum gates and algorithms begin to surpass what is possible to simulate classically. Validation methods which rely on such classical simulation, such as process tomography and randomized…

A circuit-simulation-based method is used to determine the thermally-induced bit error rate of superconducting logic circuits. Simulations are used to evaluate the multidimensional Gaussian integral across noise current sources attached to…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-06-14 Quentin Herr , Alex Braun , Andrew Brownfield , Ed Rudman , Dan Dosch , Trent Josephsen , Anna Herr

Effective methods for characterizing the noise in quantum computing devices are essential for programming and debugging circuit performance. Existing approaches vary in the information obtained as well as the amount of quantum and classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-10 Megan L. Dahlhauser , Travis S. Humble