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This paper investigates the control of a massive population of UAVs such as drones. The straightforward method of control of UAVs by considering the interactions among them to make a flock requires a huge inter-UAV communication which is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Hamid Shiri , Jihong Park , Mehdi Bennis

We study a dynamic game with a large population of players who choose actions from a finite set in continuous time. Each player has a state in a finite state space that evolves stochastically with their actions. A player's reward depends…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Leonardo Pedroso , Andrea Agazzi , W. P. M. H. Heemels , Mauro Salazar

The intersection of Mean Field Games (MFGs) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) has fostered a growing family of algorithms designed to solve large-scale multi-agent systems. However, the field currently lacks a standardized evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lorenzo Magnino , Jiacheng Shen , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Mathieu Laurière

Mean Field Game (MFG) models implicitly assume "rational expectations", meaning that the heterogeneous agents being modeled correctly know all relevant transition probabilities for the complex system they inhabit. When there is common…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-02-26 Benjamin Moll , Lenya Ryzhik

This paper considers mean field games in a multi-agent Markov decision process (MDP) framework. Each player has a continuum state and binary action. By active control, a player can bring its state to a resetting point. All players are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-25 Minyi Huang , Yan Ma

Many socio-economic and biological processes can be modeled as systems of interacting individuals. The behaviour of such systems can be often described within game-theoretic models. In these lecture notes, we introduce fundamental concepts…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2013-05-30 Jacek Miekisz

For noncooperative games the mean field (MF) methodology provides decentralized strategies which yield Nash equilibria for large population systems in the asymptotic limit of an infinite (mass) population. The MF control laws use only the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-10-22 Arman C. Kizilkale , Peter E. Caines

Mean Field Games (MFG) are the class of games with a very large number of agents and the standard equilibrium concept is a Mean Field Equilibrium (MFE). Algorithms for learning MFE in dynamic MFGs are unknown in general. Our focus is on an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 Kiyeob Lee , Desik Rengarajan , Dileep Kalathil , Srinivas Shakkottai

Although real-world complex systems typically interact through sparse and heterogeneous networks, analytic solutions of their dynamics are limited to models with all-to-all interactions. Here, we solve the dynamics of a broad range of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-01-28 Fernando L. Metz

This paper studies a large population dynamic game involving nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems with agents of the following mixed types: (i) a major agent, and (ii) a population of $N$ minor agents where $N$ is very large. The major…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-06-07 Mojtaba Nourian , Peter E. Caines

We study multi-task reinforcement learning (RL) in tabular episodic Markov decision processes (MDPs). We formulate a heterogeneous multi-player RL problem, in which a group of players concurrently face similar but not necessarily identical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Chicheng Zhang , Zhi Wang

We propose a policy iteration method to solve an inverse problem for a mean-field game (MFG) model, specifically to reconstruct the obstacle function in the game from the partial observation data of value functions, which represent the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Kui Ren , Nathan Soedjak , Shanyin Tong

A fundamental assumption of reinforcement learning in Markov decision processes (MDPs) is that the relevant decision process is, in fact, Markov. However, when MDPs have rich observations, agents typically learn by way of an abstract state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Cameron Allen , Neev Parikh , Omer Gottesman , George Konidaris

Learning by experience in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a difficult and exciting task, due to the lack of stationarity of the environment, whose dynamics evolves as the population learns. In order to design scalable algorithms for systems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Romuald Elie , Julien Pérolat , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

Mean-field games have been studied under the assumption of very large number of players. For such large systems, the basic idea consists to approximate large games by a stylized game model with a continuum of players. The approach has been…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-04-08 Hamidou Tembine

Multiagent reinforcement learning algorithms have not been widely adopted in large scale environments with many agents as they often scale poorly with the number of agents. Using mean field theory to aggregate agents has been proposed as a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Mark Crowley , Pascal Poupart

The pairwise comparison dynamic is a forward ordinary differential equation in a Banach space whose solution is a time-dependent probability measure to maximize utility based on a nonlinear and nonlocal protocol. It contains a wide class of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-21 Hidekazu Yoshioka

For two classes of Mean Field Game systems we study the convergence of solutions as the interest rate in the cost functional becomes very large, modeling agents caring only about a very short time-horizon, and the cost of the control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-10 Martino Bardi , Pierre Cardaliaguet

Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of reinforcement learning under multi-agent settings has long remained an open problem. While previous works primarily focus on 2-player games, we consider population games, which model the strategic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Shuyue Hu , Chin-Wing Leung , Ho-fung Leung , Harold Soh

The field of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made considerable progress towards controlling challenging multi-agent systems by employing various learning methods. Numerous of these approaches focus on empirical and algorithmic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Christian Fabian , Kai Cui , Heinz Koeppl