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The realization of devices which harness the laws of quantum mechanics represents an exciting challenge at the interface of modern technology and fundamental science. An exemplary paragon of the power of such quantum primitives is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-21 Fernando Pastawski , Norman Y. Yao , Liang Jiang , Mikhail D. Lukin , J. Ignacio Cirac

Quantum tokens are underlying primitives for quantum money and network proposals, which leverage the no-cloning theorem to realize unforgeable authentication. A relevant but overlooked type of attack to such architectures is a hacker that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lucas Tsunaki , Boris Naydenov

The possible existence of closed timelike curves (CTCs) draws attention to fundamental questions about what is physically possible and what is not. An example is the "no cloning theorem" in quantum mechanics, which states that no physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 D. Ahn , T. C. Ralph , R. B. Mann

No-cloning theorem is fundamental for quantum mechanics and for quantum information science that states an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned perfectly. However, we can try to clone a quantum state approximately with the optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-30 Heng Fan , Yi-Nan Wang , Li Jing , Jie-Dong Yue , Han-Duo Shi , Yong-Liang Zhang , Liang-Zhu Mu

Wiesner's unforgeable quantum money scheme is widely celebrated as the first quantum information application. Based on the no-cloning property of quantum mechanics, this scheme allows for the creation of credit cards used in authenticated…

We show that encrypted cloning of unknown quantum states is possible. Any number of encrypted clones of a qubit can be created through a unitary transformation, and each of the encrypted clones can be decrypted through a unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Koji Yamaguchi , Achim Kempf

The impossibility of perfectly copying (or cloning) an arbitrary quantum state is one of the basic rules governing the physics of quantum systems. The processes that perform the optimal approximate cloning have been found in many cases.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Valerio Scarani , Sofyan Iblisdir , Nicolas Gisin , Antonio Acin

We propose a new idea for public key quantum money. In the abstract sense, our bills are encoded as a joint eigenstate of a fixed system of commuting unitary operators. We perform some basic analysis of this black box system and show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-06 Daniel M. Kane , Shahed Sharif , Alice Silverberg

Quantum no-cloning theorem gives rise to the intriguing possibility of quantum copy protection where we encode a program or functionality in a quantum state such that a user in possession of k copies cannot create k+1 copies, for any k.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Alper Çakan , Vipul Goyal

The concept of quantum tokens dates back alongside quantum cryptography to Stephen Wiesner's seminal work in 1983[1]. Already this initial work proposes society-relevant applications such as secure quantum banknotes, which can be exchanged…

The seminal idea of quantum money not forgeable due to laws of Quantum Mechanics proposed by Stephen Wiesner, has laid foundations for the Quantum Information Theory in early '70s. Recently, several other schemes for quantum currencies have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-07 Karol Horodecki , Maciej Stankiewicz

A scheme for the optimal Gaussian cloning of coherent light states at the light-atoms interface is proposed. The distinct feature of this proposal is that the clones are stored in an atomic quantum memory, which is important for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jaromir Fiurasek , Nicolas J. Cerf , Eugene S. Polzik

The cloning of quantum variables with continuous spectra is investigated. We define a Gaussian 1-to-2 cloning machine, which copies equally well two conjugate variables such as position and momentum or the two quadrature components of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 N. J. Cerf , S. Iblisdir , G. Van Assche

Cloning machines, that is, transformations that achieve the best approximate copying of a quantum state compatible with the no-cloning theorem, have been a fundamental research topic over the last five years. This study is of particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Nicolas J. Cerf

Attempts at cloning a quantum system result in the introduction of imperfections in the state of the copies. This is a consequence of the no-cloning theorem, which is a fundamental law of quantum physics and the backbone of security for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-17 Frédéric Bouchard , Robert Fickler , Robert W Boyd , Ebrahim Karimi

While classical money can be copied, it is impossible to copy quantum money in principle, with only the bank that issues it knowing how to generate it, meaning only the bank can make exact copies. Not all reliable banks, such as central…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Yuichi Sano

Unclonable cryptography leverages the quantum no-cloning principle to copy-protect cryptographic functionalities. While most existing works address the basic single-copy security, the stronger notion of multi-copy security remains largely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Alper Çakan , Vipul Goyal , Fuyuki Kitagawa , Ryo Nishimaki , Takashi Yamakawa

Based on quantum encryption, we present a new idea for quantum public-key cryptography (QPKC) and construct a whole theoretical framework of a QPKC system. We show that the quantum-mechanical nature renders it feasible and reasonable to use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-23 Fei Gao , Qiao-Yan Wen , Su-Juan Qin , Fu-Chen Zhu

A common way of stating the non-cloning theorem -- one of distinguishing characteristics of quantum theory -- is that one cannot make a copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. Even though this theorem is an important part of the ongoing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-17 Arkady Bolotin

The powerful no-cloning principle of quantum mechanics can be leveraged to achieve interesting primitives, referred to as unclonable primitives, that are impossible to achieve classically. In the past few years, we have witnessed a surge of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-06 Prabhanjan Ananth , Fatih Kaleoglu , Qipeng Liu