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We propose a device architecture capable of direct quantum electro-optical conversion of microwave to optical photons. The hybrid system consists of a planar superconducting microwave circuit coupled to an integrated whispering-gallery-mode…

A microwave-optical photon converter with high efficiency ($>50$ %) and low added noise ($\ll 1$ photon) could enable the creation of scalable quantum networks where quantum information is distributed optically and processed in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 M Khalifa , P S Kirwin , Jeff F Young , J Salfi

The successes of superconducting quantum circuits at local manipulation of quantum information and photonics technology at long-distance transmission of the same have spurred interest in the development of quantum transducers for efficient,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Marcelo Wu , Emil Zeuthen , Krishna Coimbatore Balram , Kartik Srinivasan

Linking superconducting quantum devices to optical fibers via microwave-optical quantum transducers may enable large scale quantum networks. For this application, transducers based on the Pockels electro-optic (EO) effect are promising for…

Low-loss fiber optic links have the potential to connect superconducting quantum processors together over long distances to form large scale quantum networks. A key component of these future networks is a quantum transducer that coherently…

Future quantum networks in which superconducting quantum processors are connected via optical links, will require microwave-to-optical photon converters that preserve entanglement. A doubly-resonant electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a…

A quantum interface between microwave and optical photons is essential for entangling remote superconducting quantum processors. To preserve fragile quantum states, a transducer must operate efficiently while generating less than one photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-06 Han Zhao , William David Chen , Abhishek Kejriwal , Mohammad Mirhosseini

Linking classical microwave electrical circuits to the optical telecommunication band is at the core of modern communication. Future quantum information networks will require coherent microwave-to-optical conversion to link electronic…

Here we demonstrate an on-chip electro-optic frequency shifter that is precisely controlled using only a single-tone microwave signal. This is accomplished by engineering the density of states of, and coupling between, optical modes in…

Superconducting microwave circuits form a versatile platform for storing and manipulating quantum information. A major challenge to further scalability is to find approaches for connecting these systems over long distances and at high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-11 Marek Pechal , Amir H. Safavi-Naeini

Microwave-to-optics transduction is emerging as a vital technology for scaling quantum computers and quantum networks. To establish useful entanglement links between qubit processing units, several key conditions have to be simultaneously…

Coherent interconversion between microwave and optical frequencies can serve as both classical and quantum interfaces for computing, communication, and sensing. Here, we present a compact microwave-optical transducer based on monolithic…

Transduction of quantum signals between the microwave and the optical ranges will unlock powerful hybrid quantum systems enabling information processing with superconducting qubits and low-noise quantum networking through optical photons.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Furkan Sahbaz , James N. Eckstein , Dale J. Van Harlingen , Simeon I. Bogdanov

An optical network of superconducting quantum bits (qubits) is an appealing platform for quantum communication and distributed quantum computing, but developing a quantum-compatible link between the microwave and optical domains remains an…

We report the observation of efficient and low-noise frequency conversion between two microwave modes, mediated by the motion of a mechanical resonator subjected to radiation pressure. We achieve coherent conversion of more than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-28 F. Lecocq , J. B. Clark , R. W. Simmonds , J. Aumentado , J. D. Teufel

Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kyosuke Goto , Hodaka Kurokawa , Hideo Kosaka , Kazuki Koshino

Conversion between signals in the microwave and optical domains is of great interest both for classical telecommunication, as well as for connecting future superconducting quantum computers into a global quantum network. For quantum…

The rapid development of photonic quantum information processing necessitates precise and programmable control over optical frequency, a capability critical not only for achieving photon indistinguishability but also for exploiting a…

We propose a device for the reversible and quiet conversion of microwave photons to optical sideband photons, that can reach 100% quantum effciency. The device is based on an erbium doped crystal placed in both an optical and microwave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-10 Lewis A. Williamson , Yu-Hui Chen , Jevon J. Longdell

Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction…

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