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Converting low-frequency electrical signals into much higher frequency optical signals has enabled modern communications networks to leverage both the strengths of microfabricated electrical circuits and optical fiber transmission, allowing…

A protocol is discussed which allows one to realize a transducer for single photons between the optical and the microwave frequency range. The transducer is a spin ensemble, where the individual emitters possess both an optical and a…

Advances in integrated photonics have enabled unprecedented level of control of light, powering a wide range of photonic technologies from communications and computing to precision metrology and quantum information. However, the…

Quantum networks are likely to have a profound impact on the way we compute and communicate in the future. In order to wire together superconducting quantum processors over kilometer-scale distances, we need transducers that can generate…

We propose an efficient microwave-photonic modulator as a resource for stationary entangled microwave-optical fields and develop the theory for deterministic entanglement generation and quantum state transfer in multi-resonant electro-optic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-03 Alfredo Rueda , William Hease , Shabir Barzanjeh , Johannes M. Fink

Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference…

Efficient and coherent conversion between microwave and optical signals is crucial for a wide range of applications, from quantum information processing to microwave photonics and radar systems. However, existing conversion techniques rely…

Electrically actuated optomechanical resonators provide a route to quantum-coherent, bidirectional conversion of microwave and optical photons. Such devices could enable optical interconnection of quantum computers based on qubits operating…

We describe a scheme to coherently convert a microwave photon of a superconducting co-planar waveguide resonator to an optical photon emitted into a well-defined temporal and spatial mode. The conversion is realized by a cold atomic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-25 David Petrosyan , Klaus Mølmer , József Fortágh , Mark Saffman

We propose to demonstrate nonreciprocal conversion between microwave and optical photons in an electro-optomechanical system where a microwave mode and an optical mode are coupled indirectly via two non-degenerate mechanical modes. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-23 Xun-Wei Xu , Yong Li , Ai-Xi Chen , Yu-xi Liu

The development of scalable quantum networks requires coherent interfaces capable of converting microwave photons used in superconducting quantum processors into optical photons suitable for long-distance fiber transmission. This review…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Tarvir Anjum Aditto , Jaiyan Sadid Ifty , Khondokar Zahin

Superconducting quantum processors operate at microwave frequencies in millikelvin environments, making it challenging to interconnect distant nodes using conventional microwave wiring. Coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Yufeng Wu , Yiyu Zhou , Haoqi Zhao , Danqing Wang , Matthew D. LaHaye , Daniel L. Campbell , Hong X. Tang

We propose a triply-resonant electro-optic modulator architecture which maximizes modulation efficiency using simultaneous resonant enhancement of the RF drive signal, the optical pump, and the generated optical sideband. Optical…

Optics · Physics 2020-05-20 Hayk Gevorgyan , Anatol Khilo , Yossef Ehrlichman , Miloš Popović

We design and demonstrate a compact, low-power, low-dispersion and broadband optical modulator based on electro-optic (EO) polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide (PCW). The EO polymer is engineered for large EO activity…

Optics · Physics 2015-06-23 Xingyu Zhang , Amir Hosseini , Jingdong Luo , Alex K. -Y. Jen , Ray T. Chen

We present a resonant electro-optic transducer for efficient conversion between microwave and telecom wavelength photons. Our platform employs a bulk lithium niobate crystal whose large dielectric constant creates wavelength-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Mihir Khanna , Yang Hu , Thomas P. Purdy

A device capable of converting single quanta of the microwave field to the optical domain is an outstanding endeavour in the context of quantum interconnects between distant superconducting qubits, but likewise can have applications in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Terence Blésin , Hao Tian , Sunil Bhave , Tobias J. Kippenberg

In the development of quantum microwave-to-optical (MO) converters, excessive noise induced by the parametric optical drive remains a major challenge at milli-Kelvin temperatures. Here we study the extraneous noise added to an electro-optic…

Quantum transducers that can convert quantum signals from the microwave to the optical domain are a crucial optical interface for quantum information technology. Coherent microwave-to-optics conversions have been realized with various…

Efficient frequency conversion of photons has important applications in optical quantum technology because the frequency range suitable for photon manipulation and communication usually varies widely. Recently, an efficient frequency…

The conversion between microwave photons and optical photons with quantum coherence is important for quantum communication and computation. In this paper, we report a proposal using an ensemble of atoms coupled to microwave and optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Mingxia Huo