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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is applied in safety-critical domains such as robotics and autonomous driving. It achieves superhuman abilities in many tasks, however whether DRL agents can be shown to act safely is an open problem. Atari…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Mirco Giacobbe , Mohammadhosein Hasanbeig , Daniel Kroening , Hjalmar Wijk

With advances in reinforcement learning (RL), agents are now being developed in high-stakes application domains such as healthcare and transportation. Explaining the behavior of these agents is challenging, as the environments in which they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Elisabeth André , Ofra Amir

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has recently led to many breakthroughs on a range of complex control tasks. However, the agent's decision-making process is generally not transparent. The lack of interpretability hinders the applicability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Wenjie Shi , Gao Huang , Shiji Song , Zhuoyuan Wang , Tingyu Lin , Cheng Wu

While Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as a promising solution for intricate control tasks, the lack of explainability of the learned policies impedes its uptake in safety-critical applications, such as automated driving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Amir Samadi , Konstantinos Koufos , Kurt Debattista , Mehrdad Dianati

Bottom-Up (BU) saliency models do not perform well in complex interactive environments where humans are actively engaged in tasks (e.g., sandwich making and playing the video games). In this paper, we leverage Reinforcement Learning (RL) to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Sajad Mousavi , Michael Schukat , Enda Howley , Ali Borji , Nasser Mozayani

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a trending field of research, showing great promise in challenging problems such as playing Atari, solving Go and controlling robots. While DRL agents perform well in practice we are still lacking the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Nir Baram , Tom Zahavy , Shie Mannor

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

Deep Learning has become overly complicated and has enjoyed stellar success in solving several classical problems like image classification, object detection, etc. Several methods for explaining these decisions have been proposed. Black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddhant Agarwal , Owais Iqbal , Sree Aditya Buridi , Madda Manjusha , Abir Das

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) can be used to learn effective policies for complex tasks, such as Atari games, even from image observations. However, this typically requires very large amounts of interaction -- substantially more,…

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents achieve impressive results in a wide variety of tasks, but they lack zero-shot adaptation capabilities. While most robustness evaluations focus on tasks complexifications, for which human also…

High sample complexity has long been a challenge for RL. On the other hand, humans learn to perform tasks not only from interaction or demonstrations, but also by reading unstructured text documents, e.g., instruction manuals. Instruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yue Wu , Yewen Fan , Paul Pu Liang , Amos Azaria , Yuanzhi Li , Tom M. Mitchell

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm in which the agent learns from its environment through trial and error. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms represent the agent's policies using neural networks, making their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Jasmina Gajcin , Jovan Jeromela , Ivana Dusparic

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has great potential for acquiring the optimal action in complex environments such as games and robot control. However, it is difficult to analyze the decision-making of the agent, i.e., the reasons it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Hidenori Itaya , Tsubasa Hirakawa , Takayoshi Yamashita , Hironobu Fujiyoshi , Komei Sugiura

Reinforcement learning (RL) has seen great advancements in the past few years. Nevertheless, the consensus among the RL community is that currently used methods, despite all their benefits, suffer from extreme data inefficiency, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Kacper Kielak

Enabling humans to identify potential flaws in an agent's decision making is an important Explainable AI application. We consider identifying such flaws in a planning-based deep reinforcement learning (RL) agent for a complex real-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Kin-Ho Lam , Zhengxian Lin , Jed Irvine , Jonathan Dodge , Zeyad T Shureih , Roli Khanna , Minsuk Kahng , Alan Fern

Counterfactual explanations, which deal with "why not?" scenarios, can provide insightful explanations to an AI agent's behavior. In this work, we focus on generating counterfactual explanations for deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Matthew L. Olson , Roli Khanna , Lawrence Neal , Fuxin Li , Weng-Keen Wong

In order perform a large variety of tasks and to achieve human-level performance in complex real-world environments, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Agents must be able to learn from their past experiences and gain both knowledge and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Andrei Claudiu Roibu

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great achievements since proposed. Generally, DRL agents receive high-dimensional inputs at each step, and make actions according to deep-neural-network-based policies. This learning mechanism…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Kun Shao , Zhentao Tang , Yuanheng Zhu , Nannan Li , Dongbin Zhao

Deep reinforcement learning agents have achieved state-of-the-art results by directly maximising cumulative reward. However, environments contain a much wider variety of possible training signals. In this paper, we introduce an agent that…

Reinforcement learning has made great strides in recent years due to the success of methods using deep neural networks. However, such neural networks act as a black box, obscuring the inner workings. While reinforcement learning has the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Brittany Davis Pierson , Justine Ventura , Matthew E. Taylor