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We introduce the first end-to-end Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based framework for active high frequency trading in the stock market. We train DRL agents to trade one unit of Intel Corporation stock by employing the Proximal Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Antonio Briola , Jeremy Turiel , Riccardo Marcaccioli , Alvaro Cauderan , Tomaso Aste

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated strong potential in training large language models (LLMs) capable of complex reasoning for real-world problem solving. More recently, RL has been leveraged to create sophisticated LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Bowen Jin , Jinsung Yoon , Priyanka Kargupta , Sercan O. Arik , Jiawei Han

Recent studies have shown that deep reinforcement learning agents are vulnerable to small adversarial perturbations on the agent's inputs, which raises concerns about deploying such agents in the real world. To address this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Tuomas Oikarinen , Wang Zhang , Alexandre Megretski , Luca Daniel , Tsui-Wei Weng

Since deep neural networks' resurgence, reinforcement learning has gradually strengthened and surpassed humans in many conventional games. However, it is not easy to copy these accomplishments to autonomous driving because state spaces are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-14 B. Udugama

Reinforcement learning (RL) is successful at learning to play games where the entire environment is visible. However, RL approaches are challenged in complex games like Starcraft II and in real-world environments where the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Elizabeth Gilmour , Noah Plotkin , Leslie Smith

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with multi-step reasoning and action generation abilities have shown promise in leveraging external tools to tackle complex tasks that require long-horizon planning. However, existing approaches either…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Wei Fan , Wenlin Yao , Zheng Li , Feng Yao , Xin Liu , Liang Qiu , Qingyu Yin , Yangqiu Song , Bing Yin

Recent advancements in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated notable progress in sample efficiency, spanning both model-based and model-free paradigms. Despite the identification and mitigation of specific bottlenecks in prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yibo Wang , Jiang Zhao

Advances in deep reinforcement learning have allowed autonomous agents to perform well on Atari games, often outperforming humans, using only raw pixels to make their decisions. However, most of these games take place in 2D environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Guillaume Lample , Devendra Singh Chaplot

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a subfield of machine learning for training autonomous agents that take sequential actions across complex environments. Despite its significant performance in well-known environments, it remains…

AI-based defensive solutions are necessary to defend networks and information assets against intelligent automated attacks. Gathering enough realistic data for training machine learning-based defenses is a significant practical challenge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Kalle Kujanpää , Willie Victor , Alexander Ilin

Despite the significant advances in Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) observed in the last decade, the amount of training experience necessary to learn effective policies remains one of the primary concerns in both simulated and real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Manuel Serra Nunes , Atabak Dehban , Yiannis Demiris , José Santos-Victor

Reinforcement learning~(RL) is a versatile framework for learning to solve complex real-world tasks. However, influences on the learning performance of RL algorithms are often poorly understood in practice. We discuss different analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Jan Schneider , Pierre Schumacher , Daniel Häufle , Bernhard Schölkopf , Dieter Büchler

Deep Reinforcement Learning (or just "RL") is gaining popularity for industrial and research applications. However, it still suffers from some key limits slowing down its widespread adoption. Its performance is sensitive to initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Pierrick Pochelu , Serge G. Petiton , Bruno Conche

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms can solve complex sequential decision tasks successfully. However, they have a major drawback of having poor sample efficiency which can often be tackled by knowledge reuse. In Multi-Agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Ercüment İlhan , Jeremy Gow , Diego Perez-Liebana

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are being increasingly used to make predictions from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. However, they are widely seen as uninterpretable "black boxes", as it can be difficult to discover what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Patrick McClure , Dustin Moraczewski , Ka Chun Lam , Adam Thomas , Francisco Pereira

The asynchronous nature of the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, makes them exceptionally suitable for CPU computations. However, given the fact that deep…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Robert Adamski , Tomasz Grel , Maciej Klimek , Henryk Michalewski

We study a game between liquidity provider and liquidity taker agents interacting in an over-the-counter market, for which the typical example is foreign exchange. We show how a suitable design of parameterized families of reward functions…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Nelson Vadori , Leo Ardon , Sumitra Ganesh , Thomas Spooner , Selim Amrouni , Jared Vann , Mengda Xu , Zeyu Zheng , Tucker Balch , Manuela Veloso

Efficient exploration remains a challenging research problem in reinforcement learning, especially when an environment contains large state spaces, deceptive local optima, or sparse rewards. To tackle this problem, we present a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Zhang-Wei Hong , Tzu-Yun Shann , Shih-Yang Su , Yi-Hsiang Chang , Chun-Yi Lee

A key task in Artificial Intelligence is learning effective policies for controlling agents in unknown environments to optimize performance measures. Off-policy learning methods, like Q-learning, allow learners to make optimal decisions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mingxuan Li , Junzhe Zhang , Elias Bareinboim

The demand for more transparency of decision-making processes of deep reinforcement learning agents is greater than ever, due to their increased use in safety critical and ethically challenging domains such as autonomous driving. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Richard Meyes , Moritz Schneider , Tobias Meisen
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