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We give a complete and rigorous proof of the Unruh effect, in the following form. We show that the state of a two-level system, uniformly accelerated with proper acceleration $a$, and coupled to a scalar bose field initially in the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 S. De Bievre , M. Merkli

The restoration of spontaneous symmetry breaking for a scalar field theory for an accelerated observer is discussed by the one-loop effective potential calculation and by considering the effective potential for composite operators. Above a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-05 P. Castorina , M. Finocchiaro

We consider a particle detector model on 1+1-dimensional Minkowski space-time that is accelerated by a constant external acceleration a. The detector is coupled to a massless scalar test field. Due to the Unruh effect, this detector becomes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-05-14 Franz Thoma

We revisit the Unruh effect within a general framework based on direct, probability-level calculations. We rederive the transition rate of a uniformly accelerating Unruh-DeWitt monopole detector coupled to a massive scalar field, from both…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-13 Robert Dickinson , Jeff Forshaw , Ross Jenkinson , Peter Millington

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state at temperature $T_U=a/(2\pi)$. An observer in uniform circular motion experiences a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-29 Cameron R. D. Bunney , Jorma Louko

The Unruh effect -- according to which linearly accelerated observers with proper acceleration a= constant in the (no-particle) vacuum state of inertial observers experience a thermal bath of particles with temperature $T_U = a \hbar / (2…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-04-26 Gabriel Cozzella , Andre G. S. Landulfo , George E. A. Matsas , Daniel A. T. Vanzella

Based on the Unruh effect, we calculate the critical acceleration for the Bose-Einstein condensation in a free complex scalar field at finite density in the Rindler space. Our model corresponds to an ideal gas performing constantly…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-22 Shingo Takeuchi

We investigate the Minkowski ground state associated with a real massless scalar field as seen by an accelerated observer under the perspective of the de Broglie-Bohm quantum theory. We use the Schr\"odinger picture to obtain the wave…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-10-18 Matheus M. A. Paixão , Olesya Galkina , Nelson Pinto-Neto

The Unruh effect predicts that a uniformly accelerated observer perceives the vacuum seen by an inertial observer as a thermal bath at a temperature proportional to its proper acceleration. This phenomenon is often regarded as a flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Yuebing Zhou , Jiawei Hu , Hongwei Yu

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state in the temperature $T_{\text{lin}} = a/(2\pi)$, operationally measurable via the detailed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-28 Steffen Biermann , Sebastian Erne , Cisco Gooding , Jorma Louko , Jörg Schmiedmayer , William G. Unruh , Silke Weinfurtner

In this work we consider the ontological status of the Unruh effect. Is it just a formal mathematical result? Or the temperature detected by an accelerating observer can lead to real physical effects such as phase transition. In order to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-17 Antonio Dobado

The Unruh effect, central to quantum field theory in curved spacetime, states that uniformly accelerated observers perceive the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal ensemble of Rindler excitations. Building on this foundation and drawing analogies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Kevin Player

While the robustness of Hawking radiation in the presence of UV Lorentz breaking is well-established, the Unruh effect has posed a challenge, with a large literature concluding that even the low-energy restoration of Lorentz invariance may…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-23 F. Del Porro , M. Herrero-Valea , S. Liberati , M. Schneider

In Minkowski space, an accelerated reference frame may be defined as one that is related to an inertial frame by a sequence of instantaneous Lorentz transformations. Such an accelerated observer sees a causal horizon, and the quantum vacuum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-21 Nirmalendu Acharyya , Sachindeo Vaidya

In a seminal paper, Unruh and Wald found that the detection of a right Rindler particle by a linearly uniformly accelerated detector coupled to a Klein-Gordon field in the Minkowski vacuum leads to the creation of a Minkowski particle from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Angel Garcia-Chung , Benito A. Juárez-Aubry , Daniel Sudarsky

The Unruh effect is the phenomenon that accelerated observers detect particles even when inertial observers experience the vacuum state. In particular, uniformly accelerated observers are predicted to measure thermal radiation that is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-06 Luis C. Barbado , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Luca Apadula , Časlav Brukner

While the Unruh effect has traditionally been studied under the assumption of uniform acceleration, a simplification motivated by experimental considerations, it is not necessarily true for all non-inertial motions. We propose a novel…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-01 Manuel de Atocha Rodríguez Fernández , Alexander I. Nesterov , Gennady P. Berman , C. Moreno-González

When ground-state atoms are accelerated and the field with which they interact is in its normal vacuum state, the atoms detect Unruh radiation. We show that atoms falling into a black hole emit acceleration radiation which, under…

The Unruh effect states an accelerated particle detector registers a thermal response when moving through the Minkowski vacuum, and its thermal feature is believed to be inseparable from Lorentz symmetry: Without the latter, the former…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-19 Zehua Tian , Longhao Wu , Liang Zhang , Jiliang Jing , Jiangfeng Du

Considering the standard model as an effective electroweak theory, in which we have no scalar mass term in the Higgs potential $(\mu^2=0)$, we show that the spontaneous symmetry breaking of $SU(2)_L \times U(1)$ can be induced by top loops.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-01-13 Thomas Hambye
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