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Description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the energies of RHIC Beam Energy Scan program with fluid dynamic approach poses several challenges, one of which being a complex geometry and a longer duration of the pre-hydrodynamic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-04-26 Jakub Cimerman , Iurii Karpenko , Boris Tomášik , Barbara Antonina Trzeciak

A 3-fluid hydrodynamic model is introduced for simulating heavy-ion collisions at incident energies between few and about 200 AGeV. In addition to the two baryon-rich fluids of 2-fluid models, the new model incorporates a third, baryon-free…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 V. N. Russkikh , Yu. B. Ivanov , E. G. Nikonov , W. Noerenberg , V. D. Toneev

We present the detail of a newly developed relativistic transport model (ART 1.0) for high energy heavy-ion collisions. Using this model, we first study the general collision dynamics between heavy ions at the AGS energies. We then show…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-09-25 Bao-An Li , Che Ming Ko

A simple approach is proposed allowing actual calculations of the preequilibrium dynamics in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions to be performed for a far-from-equilibrium initial state. The method is based on the phenomenological…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-07-08 S. V. Akkelin , Yu. M. Sinyukov

The evolution of a relativistic heavy-ion collision is typically understood as a process that transmutes the initial geometry of the system into the final momentum distribution of observed hadrons, which can be described via a cumulant…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-02-03 Jefferson Sousa , Jorge Noronha , Matthew Luzum

In nuclear collisions, a sizable fraction of the available energy is carried away by baryons. As the baryon number is conserved, the net-baryon $B-\bar{B}$ retains information on the energy-momentum carried by the incoming nuclei. A simple…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-09-30 J. Alvarez-Muñiz , R. Conceição , J. Dias de Deus , M. C. Espírito Santo , J. G. Milhano , M. Pimenta

Dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is investigated on the basis of a simple (1+1)-dimensional hydrodynamical model in light-cone coordinates. The main emphasis is put on studying sensitivity of the dynamics and observables to the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Igor N. Mishustin

The fluidity of the hot and dense QCD matter is a key characteristic of the medium created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We extend the framework of the relativistic hydrodynamic model to incorporate non-thermal momentum distributions…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-22 Akihiko Monnai

We numerically simulate planar shock wave collisions in anti-de Sitter space as a model for heavy ion collisions of large nuclei. We uncover a cross-over between two different dynamical regimes as a function of the collision energy. At low…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-11-01 Jorge Casalderrey-Solana , Michal P. Heller , David Mateos , Wilke van der Schee

Using a hybrid (viscous hydrodynamics + hadronic cascade) framework, we model the bulk dynamical evolution of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Beam Energy Scan (BES) collision energies, including…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-03-14 Chun Shen , Gabriel Denicol , Charles Gale , Sangyong Jeon , Akihiko Monnai , Bjoern Schenke

This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Syed Afrid Jahan , Hendrik Roch , Chun Shen

In this article, we outline the modeling of a realistic dynamical model for comprehensive description of high energy heavy ion collisions. Comparing theoretical calculations and experimental data at RHIC, we give detailed discussions on the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-07-10 Chiho Nonaka , Masayuki Asakawa

We construct a simple two-phase equation of state intended to resemble that of compressed baryon-rich matter and then introduce a gradient term in the compressional energy density to take account of fintie-range effects in non-uniform…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-06-30 Jorgen Randrup

We present a realistic treatment of the hydrodynamic evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, based on the following features: initial conditions obtained from a flux tube approach, compatible with the string model and the color…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-03-14 K. Werner , Iu. Karpenko , T. Pierog , M. Bleicher , K. Mikhailov

Heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} \sim 10$ GeV probe the QCD phase diagram at large baryon densities. Because the longitudinal Lorentz contraction is small at these collision energies, understanding the dynamics during the early…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-07-18 Chun Shen , Abel Noble , Jean-François Paquet , Björn Schenke , Charles Gale

So far a major source of uncertainty in the study of heavy-ion collisions arises from the early time dynamics which includes initial state and pre-equilibrium dynamics. The state-of-the-art framework, KoMPoST, employs non-equilibrium…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-22 Xiaojian Du , Sören Schlichting , Jie Zhu

We use effective kinetic theory to study the pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions. We describe the evolution of linearized energy perturbations on top of out-of-equilibrium background to the energy-momentum tensor at a time when…

We numerically analyze recent high energy heavy-ion collision experiments based on a hydrodynamical model with phase transition and discuss a systematic change of initial state of QGP-fluid depending on colliding-nuclei's mass. In a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-08 Shin Muroya , Hiroki Nakamura , Mikio Namiki

The matter created in relativistic heavy ion collisions is fairly well described by ideal hydrodynamics, and somewhat better described by viscous hydrodynamics. To this point, most viscous calculations have been two-dimensional, based on an…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-04 Joshua Vredevoogd , Scott Pratt

To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium effects in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-08 J. Brachmann , A. Dumitru , J. A. Maruhn , H. Stöcker , W. Greiner , D. H. Rischke