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Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier

Cyber-physical systems can be subject to sensor attacks, e.g., sensor spoofing, leading to unsafe behaviors. This paper addresses this problem in the context of linear systems when an omniscient attacker can spoof several system sensors at…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Xiao Tan , Pio Ong , Paulo Tabuada , Aaron D. Ames

This paper addresses the design of an active cyberattack detection architecture based on multiplicative watermarking, allowing for detection of covert attacks. We propose an optimal design problem, relying on the so-called output-to-output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Alexander J. Gallo , Sribalaji C. Anand , André M. H. Teixeira , Riccardo M. G. Ferrari

This paper presents a novel approach to deter unauthorized deepfakes and enable user tracking in generative models, even when the user has full access to the model parameters, by integrating key-based model authentication with watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Mayank Kumar Singh , Naoya Takahashi , Wei-Hsiang Liao , Yuki Mitsufuji

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly sophisticated, they raise significant security concerns, including the creation of fake news and academic misuse. Most detectors for identifying model-generated text are limited by their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

Consider a stochastic process being controlled across a communication channel. The control signal that is transmitted across the control channel can be replaced by a malicious attacker. The controller is allowed to implement any arbitrary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-05 Cheng-Zong Bai , Fabio Pasqualetti , Vijay Gupta

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang

Text watermarking plays a crucial role in ensuring the traceability and accountability of large language model (LLM) outputs and mitigating misuse. While promising, most existing methods assume perfect pseudorandomness. In practice,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-21 T. Tony Cai , Xiang Li , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su , Garrett G. Wen

We address the problem of attack detection and isolation for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems under (potentially unbounded) sensor attacks and measurement noise. We consider the case when a subset of sensors is subject to additive…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-04 Tianci Yang , Carlos Murguia , Margreta Kuijper , Dragan Nešić

We study statistical watermarking by formulating it as a hypothesis testing problem, a general framework which subsumes all previous statistical watermarking methods. Key to our formulation is a coupling of the output tokens and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Baihe Huang , Hanlin Zhu , Banghua Zhu , Kannan Ramchandran , Michael I. Jordan , Jason D. Lee , Jiantao Jiao

Recent years have witnessed tremendous success in Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), which has been widely utilized to facilitate various downstream tasks in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shenchen Zhu , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Chang Yue , Fan Xiang , Yuling Cai , Hualong Ma , Yingjun Zhang , Guozhu Meng

The vast amounts of digital content captured from the real world or AI-generated media necessitate methods for copyright protection, traceability, or data provenance verification. Digital watermarking serves as a crucial approach to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vitaliy Kinakh , Brian Pulfer , Yury Belousov , Pierre Fernandez , Teddy Furon , Slava Voloshynovskiy

Watermarking techniques for large language models (LLMs), which encode hidden information in the output so its source can be verified, have gained significant attention in recent days, thanks to their potential capability to detect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Juho Kim , Fei Fang , Tuomas Sandholm

In this paper a novel set-theoretic control framework for Networked Constrained Cyber-Physical Systems is presented. By resorting to set-theoretic ideas and the physical watermarking concept, an anomaly detector module and a control…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-03-28 Walter Lucia , Bruno Sinopoli , Giuseppe Franze'

Watermark algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have achieved extremely high accuracy in detecting text generated by LLMs. Such algorithms typically involve adding extra watermark logits to the LLM's logits at each generation step.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shiao Meng , Lijie Wen

Road intersections are widely recognized as a lead cause for accidents and traffic delays. In a future scenario with a significant adoption of Cooperative Autonomous Vehicles, solutions based on fully automatic, signage-less Intersection…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-09 Twan Keijzer , Fabian Jarmolowitz , Riccardo M. G. Ferrari

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising performance in various real-world applications. Building a powerful GNN model is not a trivial task, as it requires a large amount of training data, powerful computing resources, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Jing Xu , Stefanos Koffas , Oguzhan Ersoy , Stjepan Picek

Event-triggered networked control of a linear dynamical system is investigated. Specifically, the dynamical system and the controller are assumed to be connected through a communication channel. State and control input information packets…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-03-16 Ahmet Cetinkaya , Hideaki Ishii , Tomohisa Hayakawa

Latent diffusion models have exhibited considerable potential in generative tasks. Watermarking is considered to be an alternative to safeguard the copyright of generative models and prevent their misuse. However, in the context of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Qi Wu