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Single-factor password-based authentication is generally the norm to access on-line Web-sites. While single-factor authentication is well known to be a weak form of authentication, a further concern arises when considering the possibility…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Simone Raponi , Roberto Di Pietro

Information sharing is vital in resisting cyberattacks, and the volume and severity of these attacks is increasing very rapidly. Therefore responders must triage incoming warnings in deciding how to act. This study asked a very specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Paul B. Kantor , Dennis E. Egan , Jonathan Bullinger , Katie McKeon , James Wojtowicz

Many damaging cybersecurity attacks are enabled when an attacker can access residual sensitive information (e.g. cryptographic keys, personal identifiers) left behind from earlier computation. Attackers can sometimes use residual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Deborah Shands , Carolyn Talcott

The classical combinatorics-based password strength formula provides a result in tens of bits, whereas the NIST Entropy Estimation Suite give a result between 0 and 1 for Min-entropy. In this work, we present a newly developed metric --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Khan Reaz , Gerhard Wunder

Passwords are still a mainstay of various security systems, as well as the cause of many usability issues. For end-users, many of these issues have been studied extensively, highlighting problems and informing design decisions for better…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Alena Naiakshina , Anastasia Danilova , Christian Tiefenau , Marco Herzog , Sergej Dechand , Matthew Smith

Social engineering cyberattacks are a major threat because they often prelude sophisticated and devastating cyberattacks. Social engineering cyberattacks are a kind of psychological attack that exploits weaknesses in human cognitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Rosana Montanez Rodriguez , Edward Golob , Shouhuai Xu

Some protected password change protocols were proposed. However, the previous protocols were easily vulnerable to several attacks such as denial of service, password guessing, stolen-verifier and impersonation atacks etc. Recently, Chang et…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ren-Chiun Wang , Chou-Chen Yang , Kun-Ru Mo

The choice of password composition policy to enforce on a password-protected system represents a critical security decision, and has been shown to significantly affect the vulnerability of user-chosen passwords to guessing attacks. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Saul Johnson , João F. Ferreira , Alexandra Mendes , Julien Cordry

Today's software systems are highly distributed and interconnected, and they increasingly rely on communication to achieve their goals; due to their societal importance, security and trustworthiness are crucial aspects for the correctness…

Passwords remain one of the most common methods for securing sensitive data in the digital age. However, weak password choices continue to pose significant risks to data security and privacy. This study aims to solve the problem by focusing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Pappu Jha , Hanzla Hamid , Oluseyi Olukola , Ashim Dahal , Nick Rahimi

Many computer-based authentication schemata are based on pass- words. Logging on a computer, reading email, accessing content on a web server are all examples of applications where the identification of the user is usually accomplished…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Michele Finelli

The Guesswork problem was originally motivated by a desire to quantify computational security for single user systems. Leveraging recent results from its analysis, we extend the remit and utility of the framework to the quantification of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-04 Mark M. Christiansen , Ken R. Duffy , Flavio du Pin Calmon , Muriel Medard

Machine learning models are prone to memorizing sensitive data, making them vulnerable to membership inference attacks in which an adversary aims to guess if an input sample was used to train the model. In this paper, we show that prior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Liwei Song , Prateek Mittal

Digital security technology is able to identify and prevent many threats to users accounts. However, some threats remain that, to provide reliable security, require human intervention: e.g., through users paying attention to warning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Elissa M. Redmiles

Password guessers are instrumental for assessing the strength of passwords. Despite their diversity and abundance, little is known about how different guessers compare to each other. We perform in-depth analyses and comparisons of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Zach Parish , Connor Cushing , Shourya Aggarwal , Amirali Salehi-Abari , Julie Thorpe

Robots can learn the right reward function by querying a human expert. Existing approaches attempt to choose questions where the robot is most uncertain about the human's response; however, they do not consider how easy it will be for the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Erdem Bıyık , Malayandi Palan , Nicholas C. Landolfi , Dylan P. Losey , Dorsa Sadigh

Neural cryptography is based on a competition between attractive and repulsive stochastic forces. A feedback mechanism is added to neural cryptography which increases the repulsive forces. Using numerical simulations and an analytic…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Andreas Ruttor , Wolfgang Kinzel , Lanir Shacham , Ido Kanter

The aim of this work is to study the evolution of password selection among users. We investigate whether users follow best practices when selecting passwords and identify areas in need of improvement. Four distinct publicly-available…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Theodosis Mourouzis , Kyriacos E. Pavlou , Stylianos Kampakis

Research in cybersecurity may seem reactive, specific, ephemeral, and indeed ineffective. Despite decades of innovation in defense, even the most critical software systems turn out to be vulnerable to attacks. Time and again. Offense and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Marcel Böhme

Pre-trained large language models, such as GPT\nobreakdash-2 and BERT, are often fine-tuned to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a downstream task. One natural example is the ``Smart Reply'' application where a pre-trained model is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Bargav Jayaraman , Esha Ghosh , Melissa Chase , Sambuddha Roy , Wei Dai , David Evans