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The OpenAI Gym project contains hundreds of control problems whose goal is to provide a testbed for reinforcement learning algorithms. One such problem is Freeway-ram-v0, where the observations presented to the agent are 128 bytes of RAM.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-06 James S. Plank , Catherine D. Schuman , Robert M. Patton

Active learning (AL) is a learning paradigm where an active learner has to train a model (e.g., a classifier) which is in principal trained in a supervised way, but in AL it has to be done by means of a data set with initially unlabeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-23 Adrian Calma , Tobias Reitmaier , Bernhard Sick , Paul Lukowicz , Mark Embrechts

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an area of machine learning figuring out how agents take actions in an unknown environment to maximize its rewards. Unlike classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) in which agent has full knowledge of its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yangxin Zhong , Jiajie He , Lingjie Kong

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as educational tools, yet evaluating their teaching capabilities remains challenging due to the resource-intensive, context-dependent, and methodologically complex nature of teacher-student…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Yao Shi , Rongkeng Liang , Yong Xu

This paper explores the potential of a multidisciplinary approach to testing and aligning artificial intelligence (AI), specifically focusing on large language models (LLMs). Due to the rapid development and wide application of LLMs,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ljubisa Bojic , Matteo Cinelli , Dubravko Culibrk , Boris Delibasic

AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic…

Despite the vast body of literature on Active Learning (AL), there is no comprehensive and open benchmark allowing for efficient and simple comparison of proposed samplers. Additionally, the variability in experimental settings across the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 W. Jonas , A. Abraham , L. Dreyfus-Schmidt

In the pursuit of artificial general intelligence, our most significant measurement of progress is an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. Existing platforms for constructing such environments are typically…

Advanced agentic intelligence is a prerequisite for deploying Large Language Models in practical, real-world applications. Diverse real-world APIs demand precise, robust function-calling intelligence, which needs agents to develop these…

As the field of AI continues to evolve, a significant dimension of this progression is the development of Large Language Models and their potential to enhance multi-agent artificial intelligence systems. This paper explores the cooperative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Manuel Mosquera , Juan Sebastian Pinzon , Manuel Rios , Yesid Fonseca , Luis Felipe Giraldo , Nicanor Quijano , Ruben Manrique

AI agents hold the potential to revolutionize scientific productivity by automating literature reviews, replicating experiments, analyzing data, and even proposing new directions of inquiry; indeed, there are now many such agents, ranging…

Test and evaluation is a necessary process for ensuring that engineered systems perform as intended under a variety of conditions, both expected and unexpected. In this work, we consider the unique challenges of developing a unifying test…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-21 Erin Lanus , Ivan Hernandez , Adam Dachowicz , Laura Freeman , Melanie Grande , Andrew Lang , Jitesh H. Panchal , Anthony Patrick , Scott Welch

In the last decade, there have been significant advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) but there are still numerous challenges, such as high sample complexity and slow convergence to stable policies, that need to be overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Kate Larson , Mark Crowley

Human-like agents are an increasingly important topic in games and beyond. Believable non-player characters enhance the gaming experience by improving immersion and providing entertainment. They also offer players the opportunity to engage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Maciej Swiechowski , Dominik Slezak

Within Multi Agent Systems, communication by means of Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) has a key role to play in the co-operation, co-ordination and knowledge-sharing between agents. Despite this, complex reasoning about agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2015-08-12 David Lillis , Rem W. Collier`

In this paper, we explore the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) Agents in playing the strategic social deduction game, Resistance Avalon. Players in Avalon are challenged not only to make informed decisions based on dynamically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jonathan Light , Min Cai , Sheng Shen , Ziniu Hu

Large language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents that must plan, act, and recover from mistakes through long-horizon interaction with environments that provide rich feedback. However, prevailing outcome-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Rui Ge , Yichao Fu , Yuyang Qian , Junda Su , Yiming Zhao , Peng Zhao , Hao Zhang

The Da Vinci Code, a game of logical deduction and imperfect information, presents unique challenges for artificial intelligence, demanding nuanced reasoning beyond simple pattern recognition. This paper investigates the efficacy of various…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 LeCheng Zhang , Yuanshi Wang , Haotian Shen , Xujie Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of research that has blossomed tremendously in recent years and has shown remarkable potential for artificial intelligence based opponents in computer games. This success is primarily due to the vast…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-16 Per-Arne Andersen , Morten Goodwin , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

In recent years, reinforcement learning has been successful in solving video games from Atari to Star Craft II. However, the end-to-end model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is not sample efficient and requires a significant amount of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Yunqi Zhao , Igor Borovikov , Jason Rupert , Caedmon Somers , Ahmad Beirami