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Contextuality is a central feature of quantum theory, traditionally understood as the impossibility of reproducing quantum measurement statistics using noncontextual ontological models. We study classical ontological descriptions in which a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Song-Ju Kim

We investigate the notion of "macroscopicity" in the case of large quantum spin systems and provide two main results. First, we motivate the Fisher information as a measure for the macroscopicity of quantum states. Second, we compare the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-28 Florian Fröwis , Wolfgang Dür

The operational formulations of quantum theory are drastically time oriented. However, to the best of our knowledge, microscopic physics is time-symmetric. We address this tension by showing that the asymmetry of the operational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Andrea Di Biagio , Pietro Donà , Carlo Rovelli

Quantum mechanics is a field often considered very mathematical, abstract, and unintuitive. One way some instructors are hoping to help familiarize their students with these complex topics is to have the students see quantum effects in…

Physics Education · Physics 2023-10-19 Victoria Borish , H. J. Lewandowski

A possible route to test whether macroscopic systems can acquire quantum features using superconducting circuits is here presented. It is shown that under general assumptions a classical test current pulse of fixed energy and adjustable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-11 Vitoria A. de Souza , Caio C. Holanda Ribeiro , Vitorio A. De Lorenci

Quantum process tomography is a procedure by which the unknown dynamical evolution of an open quantum system can be fully experimentally characterized. We demonstrate explicitly how this procedure can be implemented with a nuclear magnetic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew M. Childs , Isaac L. Chuang , Debbie W. Leung

Instrumental variables allow for quantification of cause and effect relationships even in the absence of interventions. To achieve this, a number of causal assumptions must be met, the most important of which is the independence assumption,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-05 Nikolai Miklin , Mariami Gachechiladze , George Moreno , Rafael Chaves

A small quantum scattering system (the microsystem) is studied in interaction with a large quantum system (the macrosystem) described by unknown stochastic variables. The interaction between the two systems is diagonal for the microsystem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Karl-Erik Eriksson

Quantum state tomography, the ability to deduce the state of a quantum system from measured data, is the gold standard for verification and benchmarking of quantum devices. It has been realized in systems with few components, but for larger…

Quantum memory effects can be related to a bidirectional exchange of information between an open system and its environment, which in turn modifies the state and dynamical behavior of the last one. Nevertheless, non-Markovianity can also be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-26 Adrián A. Budini

A PhD student is locked inside a box, imitating a quantum system by mimicking the measurement statistics of any viable observable nominated by external observers. Inside a second box lies a genuine quantum system. Either box can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu , Pawel Kurzynski , Su-Yong Lee , Dagomir Kaszlikowski

We develop criteria sufficient to enable detection of macroscopic coherence where there are not just two macroscopically distinct outcomes for a pointer measurement, but rather a spread of outcomes over a macroscopic range. The criteria…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. G. Cavalcanti , M. D. Reid

Measurement uncertainty and experimental error are important concepts taught in undergraduate physics laboratories. Although student ideas about error and uncertainty in introductory classical mechanics lab experiments have been studied…

Physics Education · Physics 2021-09-20 Emily M. Stump , Courtney L. White , Gina Passante , N. G. Holmes

Models of a phenomenon are often developed by examining it under different experimental conditions, or measurement contexts. The resultant probabilistic models assume that the underlying random variables, which define a measurable set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Peter D. Bruza

Evidently, physical experiments are practically reproducible even though the fully identical preparation of initial state wave functions is often far beyond experimental possibilities. It is thus natural to explore if and in which sense…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-06-01 Peter Reimann , Jochen Gemmer

We demonstrate in this paper that the probabilities for sequential measurements have features very different from those of single-time measurements. First, they cannot be modelled by a classical stochastic process. Second, they are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Charis Anastopoulos

The Heisenberg microscope provides a powerful mental image of the measurement process of quantum mechanics (QM), attempting to explain the uncertainty relation through an uncontrollable back-action from the measurement device. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Jan-Åke Larsson

The concept of the macroscopic wave function is a key for understanding macroscopic quantum phenomena. The existence of this object reflects a certain order, as is present in a Bose-Einstein condensate when a single-particle orbital is…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2015-08-25 Bettina Gertjerenken , Martin Holthaus

We study the dynamics of a bipartite quantum system in a way such that its formal description keeps holding even if one of its parts becomes macroscopic: the problem is related with the analysis of the quantum-to-classical crossover, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-04 Caterina Foti , Alessandro Cuccoli , Paola Verrucchi

How should researchers analyze randomized experiments in which the main outcome is latent and measured in multiple ways but each measure contains some degree of error? We first identify a critical study-specific noncomparability problem in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-13 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green