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The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical theory that can be used as a foundation for statistics that include improper priors. This theory includes improper laws in the initial axioms and has in particular Bayes theorem as a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Gunnar Taraldsen , Bo H. Lindqvist

Classical probability theory supports probability measures, assigning a fixed positive real value to each event, these measures are far from satisfactory in formulating real-life occurrences. The main innovation of this paper is the…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-02-09 Yehuda Izhakian , Zur Izhakian

The very expressiveness of Bayesian networks can introduce fresh challenges due to the large number of relationships they often model. In many domains, it is thus often essential to supplement any available data with elicited expert…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-30 Kieran Drury , Martine J. Barons , Jim Q. Smith

Following the critical review of Seaman et al. (2012), we reflect on what is presumably the most essential aspect of Bayesian statistics, namely the selection of a prior density. In some cases, Bayesian inference remains fairly stable under…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-23 Kaniav Kamary , Christian P. Robert

Conditional independence and Markov properties are powerful tools allowing expression of multidimensional probability distributions by means of low-dimensional ones. As multidimensional possibilistic models have been studied for several…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-18 Jirina Vejnarova

The notion of stochastic precedence between two random variables emerges as a relevant concept in several fields of applied probability. When one consider a vector of random variables $X_1,...,X_n$, this notion has a preeminent role in the…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-01-14 Emilio De Santis , Yaakov Malinovsky , Fabio Spizzichino

In this paper a conditional logic is defined and studied. This conditional logic, Deterministic Bayesian Logic, is constructed as a deterministic counterpart to the (probabilistic) Bayesian conditional. The logic is unrestricted, so that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Frederic Dambreville

Exchangeability is a central notion in statistics and probability theory. The assumption that an infinite sequence of data points is exchangeable is at the core of Bayesian statistics. However, finite exchangeability as a statistical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-04-24 Mathias Niepert , Guy Van den Broeck

Loss-based updating, including generalized Bayes, Gibbs, and quasi-posteriors, replaces likelihoods by a user-chosen loss and produces a posterior-like distribution via exponential tilt. We give a decision-theoretic characterization that…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Kenichiro McAlinn , Kōsaku Takanashi

This chapter provides a overview of Bayesian inference, mostly emphasising that it is a universal method for summarising uncertainty and making estimates and predictions using probability statements conditional on observed data and an…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-02-11 Christian P. Robert , Jean-Michel Marin , Judith Rousseau

In the Bayesian approach to probability theory, probability quantifies a degree of belief for a single trial, without any a priori connection to limiting frequencies. In this paper we show that, despite being prescribed by a fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Carlton M. Caves , Christopher A. Fuchs , Ruediger Schack

We establish a bijection between marginal independence models on $n$ random variables and split closed order ideals in the poset of partial set partitions. We also establish that every discrete marginal independence model is toric in cdf…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-02 Francisco Ponce-Carrión , Seth Sullivant

Testing for association or dependence between pairs of random variables is a fundamental problem in statistics. In some applications, data are subject to selection bias that causes dependence between observations even when it is absent from…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-13 Yaniv Tenzer , Micha Mandel , Or Zuk

Testing for conditional independence is a core aspect of constraint-based causal discovery. Although commonly used tests are perfect in theory, they often fail to reject independence in practice, especially when conditioning on multiple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-13 Alexander Marx , Jilles Vreeken

Bayes factors are characterized by both the powerful mathematical framework of Bayesian statistics and the useful interpretation as evidence quantification. Former requires a parameter distribution that changes by seeing the data, latter…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-20 Patrick Schwaferts , Thomas Augustin

Control barrier functions are widely used to synthesize safety-critical controls. However, the presence of Gaussian-type noise in dynamical systems can generate unbounded signals and potentially result in severe consequences. Although…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-21 Chuanzheng Wang , Yiming Meng , Jun Liu , Stephen Smith

We present a computational model of mathematical reasoning according to which mathematics is a fundamentally stochastic process. That is, on our model, whether or not a given formula is deemed a theorem in some axiomatic system is not a…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-12-16 David H. Wolpert , David Kinney

In this paper we consider the estimation of unknown parameters in Bayesian inverse problems. In most cases of practical interest, there are several barriers to performing such estimation, This includes a numerical approximation of a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-07 Neil K. Chada , Ajay Jasra , Mohamed Maama , Raul Tempone

Mutual information is a well-known tool to measure the mutual dependence between variables. In this paper, a Bayesian nonparametric estimation of mutual information is established by means of the Dirichlet process and the $k$-nearest…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-10 Luai Al-Labadi , Forough Fazeli Asl , Zahra Saberi

This introduction to Bayesian statistics presents the main concepts as well as the principal reasons advocated in favour of a Bayesian modelling. We cover the various approaches to prior determination as well as the basis asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-02-09 Christian P. Robert , Judith Rousseau