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Bayesian probability theory is used as a framework to develop a formalism for the scientific method based on principles of inductive reasoning. The formalism allows for precise definitions of the key concepts in theories of physics and also…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-09-12 Roberto C. Alamino

Structural independence is the (conditional) independence that arises from the structure rather than the precise numerical values of a distribution. We develop this concept and relate it to $d$-separation and structural causal models.…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Matthias Georg Mayer

We investigate the benefit of treating all the parameters in a Bayesian neural network stochastically and find compelling theoretical and empirical evidence that this standard construction may be unnecessary. To this end, we prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Mrinank Sharma , Sebastian Farquhar , Eric Nalisnick , Tom Rainforth

Modern statistical software and machine learning libraries are enabling semi-automated statistical inference. Within this context, it appears easier and easier to try and fit many models to the data at hand, reversing thereby the Fisherian…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-28 Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

We study stochastic choice across decision problems, each represented as a menu of action labels paired with observable outcome vectors. We propose a consistency condition for behavior in decision problems composed of two separable…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-18 Fedor Sandomirskiy , Po Hyun Sung , Omer Tamuz , Ben Wincelberg

Classical statistics and Bayesian statistics refer to the frequentist and subjective theories of probability respectively. Von Mises and De Finetti, who authored those conceptualizations, provide interpretations of the probability that…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-01-24 Paolo Rocchi , Leonida Gianfagna

Stochastic dominance serves as a general framework for modeling a broad spectrum of decision preferences under uncertainty, with risk aversion as one notable example, as it naturally captures the intrinsic structure of the underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Shicong Cen , Jincheng Mei , Hanjun Dai , Dale Schuurmans , Yuejie Chi , Bo Dai

The Bayesian Classification represents a supervised learning method as well as a statistical method for classification. Assumes an underlying probabilistic model and it allows us to capture uncertainty about the model in a principled way by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-04 Vikramkumar , Vijaykumar B , Trilochan

We develope the framework of transitional conditional independence. For this we introduce transition probability spaces and transitional random variables. These constructions will generalize, strengthen and unify previous notions of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-30 Patrick Forré

We formalize the idea of probability distributions that lead to reliable predictions about some, but not all aspects of a domain. The resulting notion of `safety' provides a fresh perspective on foundational issues in statistics, providing…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-04-08 Peter Grünwald

Statistical modeling can involve a tension between assumptions and statistical identification. The law of the observable data may not uniquely determine the value of a target parameter without invoking a key assumption, and, while…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Paul Gustafson

This paper introduces a novel concept of interval probability measures that enables the representation of imprecise probabilities, or uncertainty, in a natural and coherent manner. Within an algebra of sets, we introduce a notion of weak…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-06 Marcello Basili , Luca Pratelli

The choice of priors may become an insoluble problem if priors and Bayes' rule are not seen and accepted in the framework of subjectivism. Therefore, the meaning and the role of subjectivity in science is considered and defended from the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 G. D'Agostini

We address the fundamental problem of selection under uncertainty by modeling it from the perspective of Bayesian persuasion. In our model, a decision maker with imperfect information always selects the option with the highest expected…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Siddhartha Banerjee , Kamesh Munagala , Yiheng Shen , Kangning Wang

Bayesian statistics is concerned with conducting posterior inference for the unknown quantities in a given statistical model. Conventional Bayesian inference requires the specification of a probabilistic model for the observed data, and the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-11 David T. Frazier , Christopher Drovandi , David J. Nott

Positivity, the assumption that every unique combination of confounding variables that occurs in a population has a non-zero probability of an action, can be further delineated as deterministic positivity and stochastic positivity. Here, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-12 Paul N Zivich , Stephen R Cole , Daniel Westreich

In this paper, we take a statistical decision-theoretic viewpoint on social choice, putting a focus on the decision to be made on behalf of a system of agents. In our framework, we are given a statistical ranking model, a decision space,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-15 Hossein Azari Soufiani , David C. Parkes , Lirong Xia

In this letter, we point to three widely accepted challenges that the quantum theory, quantum information, and quantum foundations communities are currently facing: indeterminism, the semantics of conditional probabilities, and the spooky…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Ghislain Fourny

We consider testing whether a set of Gaussian variables, selected from the data, is independent of the remaining variables. We assume that this set is selected via a very simple approach that is commonly used across scientific disciplines:…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-04 Arkajyoti Saha , Daniela Witten , Jacob Bien

We study the interpretability of conditional probability estimates for binary classification under the agnostic setting or scenario. Under the agnostic setting, conditional probability estimates do not necessarily reflect the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Yihan Gao , Aditya Parameswaran , Jian Peng