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As one of their many applications, large language models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation. However, conventional LLM decoding strategies, originally designed for natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

Recursive decoding techniques are considered for Reed-Muller (RM) codes of growing length $n$ and fixed order $r.$ An algorithm is designed that has complexity of order $n\log n$ and corrects most error patterns of weight up to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-17 Ilya Dumer

In this paper, we study the performance of finite-length LDPC codes in the waterfall region. We propose an algorithm to predict the error performance of finite-length LDPC codes over various binary memoryless channels. Through numerical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-09-30 Md. Noor-A-Rahim , Khoa D. Nguyen , Gottfried Lechner

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in generating code, especially when used inside an evolutionary computation framework to iteratively optimize the generated algorithms. However, in some cases they fail to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova , Lars Kotthoff , Thomas Bäck

We consider the problem of universal decoding for arbitrary unknown channels in the random coding regime. For a given random coding distribution and a given class of metric decoders, we propose a generic universal decoder whose average…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Neri Merhav

In this paper, we propose a methodology to compute the optimal finite-length coding rate for random linear network coding schemes over a line network. To do so, we first model the encoding, reencoding, and decoding process of different…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Tan Do-Duy , M. Ángeles Vázquez-Castro

Constrained sequence codes have been widely used in modern communication and data storage systems. Sequences encoded with constrained sequence codes satisfy constraints imposed by the physical channel, hence enabling efficient and reliable…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Congzhe Cao , Duanshun Li , Ivan Fair

Large language model (LLM) watermarks enable authentication of text provenance, curb misuse of machine-generated text, and promote trust in AI systems. Current watermarks operate by changing the next-token predictions output by an LLM. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Dor Tsur , Carol Xuan Long , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Hsiang Hsu , Chen-Fu Chen , Haim Permuter , Sajani Vithana , Flavio P. Calmon

In this letter, we develop an efficient linear programming (LP) decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We first relax the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding problem to a LP problem by using check-node decomposition.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-24 Jing Bai , Yongchao Wang , Francis C. M. Lau

The 3D MIMO code is a robust and efficient space-time coding scheme for the distributed MIMO broadcasting. However, it suffers from the high computational complexity if the optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding is used. In this paper we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-01-08 Ming Liu , Jean-François Hélard , Matthieu Crussière , Maryline Hélard

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT are state-of-the-art text generation models that provide significant assistance in daily routines. However, LLM execution is inherently sequential, since they only produce one token at a time, thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Qidong Su , Christina Giannoula , Gennady Pekhimenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional code generation capabilities, yet their token-level mechanisms remain underexplored, particularly in compressed models. Through systematic analysis of programming language token…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Viacheslav Siniaev , Iaroslav Chelombitko , Aleksey Komissarov

We present a new model for LT codes which simplifies the analysis of the error probability of decoding by belief propagation. For any given degree distribution, we provide the first rigorous expression for the limiting error probability as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Elitza N. Maneva , Amin Shokrollahi

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is expected to address a wide range of computational problems. To realize large-scale FTQC, it is essential to encode logical qubits using quantum error-correcting codes. High-rate concatenated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Takeshi Kakizaki

This paper is focused on the performance analysis of binary linear block codes (or ensembles) whose transmission takes place over independent and memoryless parallel channels. New upper bounds on the maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding error…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Igal Sason , Idan Goldenberg

We consider the decoding of LDPC codes over GF(q) with the low-complexity majority algorithm from [1]. A modification of this algorithm with multiple thresholds is suggested. A lower estimate on the decoding radius realized by the new…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-02-25 Alexey Frolov , Victor Zyablov

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained large popularity among Natural Language Processing (NLP) researchers and practitioners. These models, trained on huge datasets, show proficiency across various languages and demonstrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Daniil Gurgurov , Tanja Bäumel , Tatiana Anikina

A class of linear block codes which simultaneously generalizes Gabidulin codes and a class of skew cyclic codes is defined. For these codes, both a Hartmann-Tzeng-like bound and a Roos-like bound, with respect to their rank distance, are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-18 José Manuel Muñoz

This paper considers the achievable rates and decoding complexity of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over statistically independent parallel channels. The paper starts with the derivation of bounds on the conditional entropy of the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Igal Sason , Gil Wiechman

In this paper, we represent Raptor codes as multi-edge type low-density parity-check (MET-LDPC) codes, which gives a general framework to design them for higher-order modulation using MET density evolution. We then propose an efficient…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Sachini Jayasooriya , Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam , Lawrence Ong , Sarah J. Johnson