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The very old problem of the statistical content of quantum mechanics (QM) is studied in a novel framework. The Born's rule (one of the basic postulates of QM) is derived from theory of classical random signals. We present a measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-29 Andrei Khrennikov

Contrary to general relativity, quantum theory treats space and time in fundamentally different ways. In particular, while joint probabilities associated with spacelike separated measurements are defined in terms of the Born rule, joint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 James Fullwood , Zhihao Ma , Zhen Wu

We illustrate through explicit numerical calculations how the Born-rule probability densities of non-relativistic quantum mechanics emerge naturally from the particle dynamics of de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory. The time evolution of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-15 M. D. Towler , N. J. Russell , A. Valentini

Using standard results from statistics, we show that for any continuous quantum system (Gaussian or otherwise) and any observable $\widehat{A}$ (position or otherwise), the distribution $\pi_{a}\left(t\right)$ of time measurement at a fixed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Mathieu Beau , Maximilien Barbier , Rafael Martellini , Lionel Martellini

Consider a non-relativistic quantum particle with wave function $\psi$ in a bounded $C^2$ region $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$, and suppose detectors are placed along the boundary $\partial \Omega$. Assume the detection process is…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Lawrence Frolov

The goal of this paper is to apply the collection of mathematical tools known as the "method of arbitrary functions" to analyze how probability arises from quantum dynamics. We argue that in a toy model of quantum measurement the Born rule…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Liam Bonds , Brooke Burson , Kade Cicchella , Benjamin H. Feintzeig , Lynnx , Alia Yusaini

In this work, we show that the quantum mechanical notions of density operator, positive operator-valued measure (POVM), and the Born rule, are all simultaneously encoded in the categorical notion of a natural transformation of functors. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Boyu Yang , James Fullwood

It is often claimed that the collapse of the wave function and Born's rule to interpret the square of the norm as a probability, have to be introduced as separate axioms in quantum mechanics besides the Schroedinger equation. Here we show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-23 Gerard 't Hooft

In this work we establish a novel approach to the foundations of relativistic quantum theory, which is based on generalizing the quantum-mechanical Born rule for determining particle position probabilities to curved spacetime. A principal…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Maik Reddiger , Bill Poirier

The possibility to recover the which-way information, for example in the two slit experiment, is based on a natural but implicit assumption about the position of a particle {\it before} a position measurement is performed on it. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-13 Bruno Galvan

The Born probability measure describes the statistics of measurements in which observers self-locate themselves in some region of reality. In $\psi$-ontic quantum theories, reality is directly represented by the wavefunction. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-27 Michael Ridley

Details of the contents and the formulations of the Born rule changed considerably from its inception by Born in 1926 to the present day. This paper traces the early history of the Born rule 100 years ago, its generalization (essential for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Arnold Neumaier

A new approach to wavefunction collapse is prepared by an analysis of semiclassical gravity. The fact that, in semiclassical gravity, superposed states must share a common classical spacetime geometry, even if they prefer (according to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-02 Garrelt Quandt-Wiese

The predictions of quantum mechanics are probabilistic. Quantum probabilities are extracted using a postulate of the theory called the Born rule, the status of which is central to the "measurement problem" of quantum mechanics. Efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-13 T. G. Philbin

Wave-particle duality is one of the fundamental properties of matter and at the same time, one of the mysteries of modern physics. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new interpretation of the wave-particle duality, and propose a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-15 S. A. Rashkovskiy

The quantum mechanics postulate called the Born Rule attributes a probabilistic meaning to a wave function. This paper derives the Born Rule from other quantum principles along with a model of the measurement process. The nondeterministic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Alan Schaum

Cosmological boundary conditions for particles and fields are often discussed as a Cauchy problem, in which configurations and conjugate momenta are specified on an "initial" time slice. But this is not the only way to specify boundary…

Classical Physics · Physics 2022-08-10 J. M. Deutsch , Anthony Aguirre

The probability of a quantum particle being detected in a given solid angle is determined by the $S$-matrix. The explanation of this fact in time dependent scattering theory is often linked to the quantum flux, since the quantum flux…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-08-20 Detlef Dürr , Martin Kolb , Tilo Moser , Sarah Römer

Relativistic extensions of de Broglie-Bohm theory postulate a preferred foliation of space-time, an additional structure essential for defining simultaneous configurations on Minkowski space-time, but conventionally believed to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Arnaud Amblard , Aurélien Drezet

In ordinary situations involving a small part of the universe, Born's rule seems to work well for calculating probabilities of observations in quantum theory. However, there are a number of reasons for believing that it is not adequate for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-14 Don N. Page