Related papers: Shadows of a Closed Curve

A shadowed polyhedron is a simple polyhedron equipped with half integers on regions, called gleams, which represents a compact, oriented, smooth 4-manifold. The polyhedron is embedded in the 4-manifold and it is called a shadow of that…

Problems, related to the determination of the minimal number of balls that generate a shadow at a fixed point in the multi-dimensional Euclidean space $ \mathbb{R}^n $, are considered in present work. Here, the statement "a system of balls…

A natural oriented (2k+2)-chain in CP^{2k+1} with boundary twice RP^{2k+1}, its complex shade, is constructed. Via intersection numbers with the shade, a new invariant, the shade number of k-dimensional subvarieties with normal vector…

The paper is focused on the four-dimensional visualization of hypersurfaces represented by implicit equations without their parametrization. We describe a general method to find shadow boundaries in an arbitrary dimension and apply it in a…

We construct a subset $A$ of the unit disc with the following properties. (i) The set $A$ is the finite union of disjoint line segments. (ii) The shadow of $A$ is arbitrarily close to the shadow of the unit disc in "most" directions. (iii)…

A compact object illuminated by background radiation produces a dark silhouette. The edge of the silhouette or shadow (alternatively, the apparent boundary or the critical curve) is commonly determined by the presence of the photon sphere…

A pseudocircle is a simple closed curve on some surface; an arrangement of pseudocircles is a collection of pseudocircles that pairwise intersect in exactly two points, at which they cross. Ortner proved that an arrangement of pseudocircles…

A notion of dual curve for pseudoholomorphic curves in 4--manifolds turns out to be possible only if the notion of almost complex structure structure is slightly generalized. The resulting structure is as easy (perhaps easier) to work with,…

For real projective spaces, (a) the Euclidean immersion dimension, (b) the existence of axial maps, and (c) the topological complexity are known to be three facets of the same problem. But when it comes to embedding dimension, the classical…

A black hole casts a shadow as an optical appearance because of its strong gravitational field. We study the shadow cast by the five-dimensional Myers-Perry black hole with equal rotation parameters. We demonstrate that the null geodesic…

There were obtained some properties of weakly m-convex sets. Various kinds of the problem of shadow were investigated. There was obtained the lower estimation for the number of balls that are necessary to create a shadow at the point of the…

We define a subset of an almost complex manifold (M,J) to be a holomorphic shadow if it is the image of a J-holomorphic map from a compact complex manifold. Notice that a J-holomorphic curve is a holomorphic shadow, and so is a complex…

Turaev's shadow can be seen locally as the Stein factorization of a stable map. In this paper, we define the notion of stable map complexity for a compact orientable 3-manifold bounded by (possibly empty) tori counting, with some weights,…

We prove that a closed 4-manifold has shadow-complexity zero if and only if it is a kind of 4-dimensional graph manifold, which decomposes into some particular blocks along embedded copies of S^2 x S^1, plus some complex projective spaces.…

We consider low-dimensional systems with the shadowing property. In dimension two, we show that the shadowing property for a homeomorphism implies the existence of periodic orbits in every $\epsilon$-transitive class, and in contrast we…

We give necessary and sufficient topological conditions for a simple closed curve on a real rational surface to be approximable by smooth rational curves. We also study approximation by smooth rational curves with given complex…

We extend the single-perturbation approach (developed in our earlier publications for the case of a single map) to the analysis of the shadowing property for semigroups of endomorphisms. Our approach allows to give a constructive…

A large international effort is under way to assess the presence of a shadow in the radio emission from the compact source at the centre of our Galaxy, Sagittarius A$^*$ (Sgr A$^*$). If detected, this shadow would provide the first direct…

The proposition that photon is a topological object (J. Math. Phys. 49, 032303, 2008) is given rigorous foundation based on pure vector field theory independent of the electromagnetic fields. Holomorphy of 4-dimensional space-time and the…

We prove a minimum degree version of the Kruskal--Katona theorem: given $d\ge 1/4$ and a triple system $F$ on $n$ vertices with minimum degree at least $d\binom n2$, we obtain asymptotically tight lower bounds for the size of its shadow.…