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We propose a new, conjectural recursion solution for Hurwitz numbers at all genera. This conjecture is based on recent progress in solving type B topological string theory on the mirrors of toric Calabi-Yau manifolds, which we briefly…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2008-12-04 Vincent Bouchard , Marcos Marino

There is now a renewed interest to the Hurwitz tau-function, counting the isomorphism classes of Belyi pairs, arising in the study of equilateral triangulations and Grothiendicks's dessins d'enfant. It is distinguished by belonging to a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-25 A. Alexandrov , A. Mironov , A. Morozov , S. Natanzon

We present a review of the spin Hurwitz numbers, which count the ramified coverings with spin structures. They are related to peculiar $Q$ Schur functions, which are actually related to characters of the Sergeev group. This allows one to…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-10-15 A. D. Mironov , A. Yu Morozov , S. M. Natanzon , A. Yu Orlov

Hurwitz numbers count branched covers of the Riemann sphere with specified ramification, or equivalently, transitive permutation factorizations in the symmetric group with specified cycle types. Monotone Hurwitz numbers count a restricted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-10-15 I. P. Goulden , Mathieu Guay-Paquet , Jonathan Novak

We introduce a family of polynomials, which arise in three distinct ways: in the large $N$ expansion of a matrix integral, as a weighted enumeration of factorisations of permutations, and via the topological recursion. More explicitly, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Xavier Coulter , Norman Do , Ellena Moskovsky

We introduce and investigate a family of tau-functions of the 2D Toda hierarchy, which is a natural generalization of the hypergeometric family associated with Hurwitz numbers. For this family we prove a skew Schur function expansion…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-11-06 Alexander Alexandrov

We consider ramified coverings of P^1 with arbitrary ramification type over 0 and infinity and simple ramifications elsewhere and prove that the generating function for the numbers of such coverings is a tau-function for the Toda lattice…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Andrei Okounkov

We analyze a new family of weighted double Hurwitz numbers that was introduced as a notable example in the context of the $x-y$ duality for logarithmic topological recursion. We use this family to systematically demonstrate, refine and…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Alexander Alexandrov , Boris Bychkov , Petr Dunin-Barkowski , Maxim Kazarian , Sergey Shadrin

We use algebraic methods to compute the simple Hurwitz numbers for arbitrary source and target Riemann surfaces. For an elliptic curve target, we reproduce the results previously obtained by string theorists. Motivated by the Gromov-Witten…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-25 Stefano Monni , Jun S. Song , Yun S. Song

We show that the number Z of q-edge-colourings of a simple regular graph of degree q is deducible from functions describing dimers on the same graph, viz. the dimer generating function or equivalently the set of connected dimer correlation…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-30 J. O. Fjaerestad

Edge-contraction operations form an effective tool in various graph enumeration problems, such as counting Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants and simple and double Hurwitz numbers. These counting problems can be solved by a mechanism known as…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2019-08-16 Olivia Dumitrescu , Motohico Mulase

We consider special series in ratios of the Schur functions which are defined by integers $\textsc{f}\ge 0$ and $\textsc{e} \le 2$, and also by the set of $3k$ parameters $n_i,q_i,t_i,\,i=1,..., k$. These series may be presented in form of…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2015-01-30 S. M. Natanzon , A. Yu. Orlov

Double Hurwitz numbers have at least four equivalent definitions. Most naturally, they count covers of the Riemann sphere by genus g curves with certain specified ramification data. This is classically equivalent to counting certain…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2013-03-08 Paul Johnson

In this paper we revisit several recent results on monotone and strictly monotone Hurwitz numbers, providing new proofs. In particular, we use various versions of these numbers to discuss methods of derivation of quantum spectral curves…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-08-22 A. Alexandrov , D. Lewanski , S. Shadrin

In general, Hurwitz numbers count branched covers of the Riemann sphere with prescribed ramification data, or equivalently, factorisations in the symmetric group with prescribed cycle structure data. In this paper, we initiate the study of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2015-11-10 Norman Do , Maksim Karev

Okounkov's generating function of the double Hurwitz numbers of the Riemann sphere is a hypergeometric tau function of the 2D Toda hierarchy in the sense of Orlov and Scherbin. This tau function turns into a tau function of the lattice KP…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Kanehisa Takasaki

We consider multi-matrix models that are generating functions for the numbers of branched covers of the complex projective line ramified over $n$ fixed points $z_i$, $i=1,\dots,n$, (generalized Grotendieck's dessins d'enfants) of fixed…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-08-15 Jan Ambjørn , Leonid O. Chekhov

We study the correlators $W_{g,n}$ arising from Orlov-Scherbin 2-Toda tau functions with rational content-weight $G(z)$, at arbitrary values of the two sets of time parameters. Combinatorially, they correspond to generating functions of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Valentin Bonzom , Guillaume Chapuy , Séverin Charbonnier , Elba Garcia-Failde

We derive a closed-form expression for all genus 1 Hurwitz numbers, and give a simple new graph-theoretic interpretation of Hurwitz numbers in genus 0 and 1. (Hurwitz numbers essentially count irreducible genus g covers of the sphere, with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ravi Vakil

We give a natural definition of open Hurwitz numbers, where the weight of each ramified covering includes an integer parameter $N$ taken to the power that is equal to the number of boundary components of a Riemann surface with boundary…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Alexandr Buryak , Ran J. Tessler , Mikhail Troshkin