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Emojis are being frequently used in todays digital world to express from simple to complex thoughts more than ever before. Hence, they are also being used in sentiment analysis and targeted marketing campaigns. In this work, we performed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Sirisha Velampalli , Chandrashekar Muniyappa , Ashutosh Saxena

This paper explores the use of emojis in financial sentiment analysis, focusing on the social media platform StockTwits. Emojis, increasingly prevalent in digital communication, have potential as compact indicators of investor sentiment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ahmed Mahrous , Roberto Di Pietro

Sentiment analysis on large-scale social media data is important to bridge the gaps between social media contents and real world activities including political election prediction, individual and public emotional status monitoring and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-08 Yuxiao Chen , Jianbo Yuan , Quanzeng You , Jiebo Luo

The wide use of social media sites and other digital technologies have resulted in an unprecedented availability of digital data that are being used to study human behavior across research domains. Although unsolicited opinions and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-06-01 Nina Cesare , Christan Grant , Quynh Nguyen , Hedwig Lee , Elaine O. Nsoesie

A large body of research on gender-linked language has established foundations regarding cross-gender differences in lexical, emotional, and topical preferences, along with their sociological underpinnings. We compile a novel, large and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Ella Rabinovich , Hila Gonen , Suzanne Stevenson

The digital traces we leave behind when engaging with the modern world offer an interesting lens through which we study behavioral patterns as expression of gender. Although gender differentiation has been observed in a number of settings,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Ioanna Psylla , Piotr Sapiezynski , Enys Mones , Sune Lehmann

Due to the lack of large-scale datasets, the prevailing approach in visual sentiment analysis is to leverage models trained for object classification in large datasets like ImageNet. However, objects are sentiment neutral which hinders the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Ziad Al-Halah , Andrew Aitken , Wenzhe Shi , Jose Caballero

Sentiment analysis has various application scenarios in software engineering (SE), such as detecting developers' emotions in commit messages and identifying their opinions on Q&A forums. However, commonly used out-of-the-box sentiment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Zhenpeng Chen , Yanbin Cao , Xuan Lu , Qiaozhu Mei , Xuanzhe Liu

Emojis have become a universal language in the digital world, enabling users to express emotions, ideas, and identities across diverse cultural contexts. As emojis incorporate more cultural symbols and diverse representations, they play a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Lingfeng Li , Xiangwen Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) acquire beliefs about gender from training data and can therefore generate text with stereotypical gender attitudes. Prior studies have demonstrated model generations favor one gender or exhibit stereotypes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sharon Levy , William D. Adler , Tahilin Sanchez Karver , Mark Dredze , Michelle R. Kaufman

In the absence of nonverbal cues during messaging communication, users express part of their emotions using emojis. Thus, having emojis in the vocabulary of text messaging language models can significantly improve many natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Moeen Mostafavi , Mahsa Pahlavikhah Varnosfaderani , Fateme Nikseresht , Seyed Ahmad Mansouri

This work explores the utility of implicit behavioral cues, namely, Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and eye movements for gender recognition (GR) and emotion recognition (ER) from psychophysical behavior. Specifically, the examined cues…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Maneesh Bilalpur , Seyed Mostafa Kia , Mohan Kankanhalli , Ramanathan Subramanian

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and their growing integration into daily life underscore the importance of evaluating and ensuring their fairness. In this work, we examine fairness within the domain of emotional theory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Maureen Herbert , Katie Sun , Angelica Lim , Yasaman Etesam

The semantics of emoji has, to date, been considered from a static perspective. We offer the first longitudinal study of how emoji semantics changes over time, applying techniques from computational linguistics to six years of Twitter data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Alexander Robertson , Farhana Ferdousi Liza , Dong Nguyen , Barbara McGillivray , Scott A. Hale

The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a large variety of domains has sparked worries about how easily they can perpetuate stereotypes and contribute to the generation of biased content. With a focus on gender and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Gioele Giachino , Marco Rondina , Antonio Vetrò , Riccardo Coppola , Juan Carlos De Martin

Studying the ways in which language is gendered has long been an area of interest in sociolinguistics. Studies have explored, for example, the speech of male and female characters in film and the language used to describe male and female…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Alexander Hoyle , Wolf-Sonkin , Hanna Wallach , Isabelle Augenstein , Ryan Cotterell

The widespread adoption of automatic sentiment and emotion classifiers makes it important to ensure that these tools perform reliably across different populations. Yet their reliability is typically assessed using benchmarks that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ivan Smirnov , Segun T. Aroyehun , Paul Plener , David Garcia

Emoji have become a significant part of our informal textual communication. Previous work addressing the societal and linguistic functions of emoji overlook the evolving meaning of the symbol. This evolution could be addressed through the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Eyal Arviv , Oren Tsur

Emojis have gained immense popularity on social platforms, serving as a common means to supplement or replace text. However, existing data mining approaches generally either completely ignore or simply treat emojis as ordinary Unicode…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Zhou Zhang , Dongzeng Tan , Jiaan Wang , Yilong Chen , Jiarong Xu

Emojis have established themselves as a popular means of communication in online messaging. Despite the apparent ubiquity in these image-based tokens, however, interpretation and ambiguity may allow for unique uses of emojis to appear. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Keenan Jones , Jason R. C. Nurse , Shujun Li