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Usage of emoji in social media platforms has seen a rapid increase over the last few years. Majority of the social media posts are laden with emoji and users often use more than one emoji in a single social media post to express their…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Anurag Illendula , Manish Reddy Yedulla

Large language models (LLMs) reflect societal norms and biases, especially about gender. While societal biases and stereotypes have been extensively researched in various NLP applications, there is a surprising gap for emotion analysis.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Amanda Cercas Curry , Alba Curry , Gavin Abercrombie , Dirk Hovy

With the rapid development of the internet, online social media welcomes people with different backgrounds through its diverse content. The increasing usage of emoji becomes a noticeable trend thanks to emoji's rich information beyond…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Letian Peng , Zilong Wang , Hang Liu , Zihan Wang , Jingbo Shang

Emojis are widely used in online social networks to express emotions, attitudes, and opinions. As emotional-oriented characters, emojis can be modeled as important features of emotions towards the recipient or subject for sentiment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Xiaowei Yuan , Jingyuan Hu , Xiaodan Zhang , Honglei Lv , Hao Liu

Emoji is becoming a ubiquitous language and gaining worldwide popularity in recent years including the field of software engineering (SE). As nonverbal cues, emojis are widely used in user understanding tasks such as sentiment analysis, but…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Xuan Lu , Yanbin Cao , Zhenpeng Chen , Xuanzhe Liu

There is a new generation of emoticons, called emojis, that is increasingly being used in mobile communications and social media. In the past two years, over ten billion emojis were used on Twitter. Emojis are Unicode graphic symbols, used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-09 Petra Kralj Novak , Jasmina Smailović , Borut Sluban , Igor Mozetič

In the rapidly evolving landscape of social media, the introduction of new emojis in Unicode release versions presents a structured opportunity to explore digital language evolution. Analyzing a large dataset of sampled English tweets, we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Yuhang Zhou , Xuan Lu , Wei Ai

Research in sociology and linguistics shows that people use language not only to express their own identity but to understand the identity of others. Recent work established a connection between expression of identity and emoji usage on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Alexander Robertson , Walid Magdy , Sharon Goldwater

Prior work has shown that Twitter users use skin-toned emoji as an act of self-representation to express their racial/ethnic identity. We test whether this signal of identity can influence readers' perceptions about the content of a post…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Alexander Robertson , Walid Magdy , Sharon Goldwater

Emojis have evolved as complementary sources for expressing emotion in social-media platforms where posts are mostly composed of texts and images. In order to increase the expressiveness of the social media posts, users associate relevant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Anurag Illendula , Kv Manohar , Manish Reddy Yedulla

Emojis have become ubiquitous in digital communication, due to their visual appeal as well as their ability to vividly convey human emotion, among other factors. The growing prominence of emojis in social media and other instant messaging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Abu Awal Md Shoeb , Gerard de Melo

Emotions at work have long been identified as critical signals of work motivations, status, and attitudes, and as predictors of various work-related outcomes. When more and more employees work remotely, these emotional signals of workers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Xuan Lu , Wei Ai , Zhenpeng Chen , Yanbin Cao , Qiaozhu Mei

Social media platforms have become central to modern communication, yet they also harbor offensive content that challenges platform safety and inclusivity. While prior research has primarily focused on textual indicators of offense, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yuhang Zhou , Yimin Xiao , Wei Ai , Ge Gao

Emojis have become an integral part of digital communication, enriching text by conveying emotions, tone, and intent. Existing emoji recommendation methods are primarily evaluated based on their ability to match the exact emoji a user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zhongyi Qiu , Kangyi Qiu , Hanjia Lyu , Wei Xiong , Jiebo Luo

Sensitive attributes are legally protected characteristics that should not be used to discriminate. Careful steps have been taken to minimize the risk of human bias regarding these fields, such as race and age. Large language models (LLMs)…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Anay Agarwalla , Simeon Sayer

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world communication settings, yet their ability to resolve context-dependent ambiguity remains underexplored. In this work, we present EMODIS, a new benchmark for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jiacheng Huang , Ning Yu , Xiaoyin Yi

Emojis are widely used in online financial communication, but it is unclear whether they provide transferable sentiment signals across languages, platforms, and asset communities. This study examines the extent to which emoji usage,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ahmed Mahrous , Roberto Di Pietro

Over the past decade, emoji have emerged as a new and widespread form of digital communication, spanning diverse social networks and spoken languages. We propose to treat these ideograms as a new modality in their own right, distinct in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Spencer Cappallo , Stacey Svetlichnaya , Pierre Garrigues , Thomas Mensink , Cees G. M. Snoek

Emojis are small images that are commonly included in social media text messages. The combination of visual and textual content in the same message builds up a modern way of communication, that automatic systems are not used to deal with.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Francesco Barbieri , Miguel Ballesteros , Francesco Ronzano , Horacio Saggion

The rapid growth of Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) has diverse global applications, from improving human-computer interactions to aiding mental health diagnostics. However, SER models might contain social bias toward gender, leading to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-06 Yi-Cheng Lin , Haibin Wu , Huang-Cheng Chou , Chi-Chun Lee , Hung-yi Lee