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As artificial intelligence systems grow more powerful, there has been increasing interest in "AI safety" research to address emerging and future risks. However, the field of AI safety remains poorly defined and inconsistently measured,…

In a standard Turing test, a machine has to prove its humanness to the judges. By successfully imitating a thinking entity such as a human, this machine then proves that it can also think. Some objections claim that Turing test is not a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Yigit Oktar , Erdem Okur , Mehmet Turkan

This essay examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and the historical evolution of modern Mathematics. Rather than viewing AI as an external rupture, we argue that its effectiveness reveals a structural tendency already…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Jaime Ripoll

We look at consciousness through the lens of Theoretical Computer Science, a branch of mathematics that studies computation under resource limitations, distinguishing functions that are efficiently computable from those that are not. From…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Lenore Blum , Manuel Blum

Large Language Models based on transformer algorithms have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence by enabling verbal interaction with machines akin to human conversation. These AI agents have surpassed the Turing Test, achieving confusion…

The currently dominating artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, neural networks, builds on inductive statistical learning. Neural networks of today are information processing systems void of understanding and reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Lars Holmberg

The symbolism, connectionism and behaviorism approaches of artificial intelligence have achieved a lot of successes in various tasks, while we still do not have a clear definition of "intelligence" with enough consensus in the community…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Yutao Yue

Artificial intelligence is more ubiquitous in multiple domains. Smartphones, social media platforms, search engines, and autonomous vehicles are just a few examples of applications that utilize artificial intelligence technologies to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Teemu Niskanen , Tuomo Sipola , Olli Väänänen

The application of "machine learning" and "artificial intelligence" has become popular within the last decade. Both terms are frequently used in science and media, sometimes interchangeably, sometimes with different meanings. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Niklas Kühl , Marc Goutier , Robin Hirt , Gerhard Satzger

Many intellectual endeavors require mathematical problem solving, but this skill remains beyond the capabilities of computers. To measure this ability in machine learning models, we introduce MATH, a new dataset of 12,500 challenging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Dan Hendrycks , Collin Burns , Saurav Kadavath , Akul Arora , Steven Basart , Eric Tang , Dawn Song , Jacob Steinhardt

The Artificial Intelligence field has focused on developing optimisation methods to solve multiple problems, specifically problems that we thought to be only solvable through cognition. The obtained results have been outstanding, being able…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Alfredo Ibias

Benchmarks such as ARC, Raven-inspired tests, and the Blackbird Task are widely used to evaluate the intelligence of large language models (LLMs). Yet, the concept of intelligence remains elusive- lacking a stable definition and failing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ruchira Dhar , Ninell Oldenburg , Anders Soegaard

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a fast-growing research and development (R&D) discipline which is attracting increasing attention because of its promises to bring vast benefits for consumers and businesses, with considerable benefits…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Zhenghua Chen , Min Wu , Alvin Chan , Xiaoli Li , Yew-Soon Ong

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the practice of science. Machine learning and large language models (LLMs) can generate hypotheses at a scale and speed far exceeding traditional methods, offering the potential to accelerate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Cristina Cornelio , Takuya Ito , Ryan Cory-Wright , Sanjeeb Dash , Lior Horesh

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies (re-)shape modern life, driving innovation in a wide range of sectors. However, some AI systems have yielded unexpected or undesirable outcomes or have been used in questionable manners. As a…

This paper discusses digital online mathematics examinations -- a discussion ranging from high school to university level examinations. In particular, we consider the nature of mathematical writing, what is distinctive about mathematical…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Laura Kobel-Keller , Chris Sangwin

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) offers an efficient and personalized method for assessing examinee proficiency by dynamically adjusting test questions based on individual performance. Compared to traditional, non-personalized testing…

Artificial intelligence (AI) has driven many information and communication technology (ICT) breakthroughs. Nonetheless, the scope of ICT systems has expanded far beyond AI since the Turing test proposal. Critically, recent AI regulation…

As artificial intelligence systems become increasingly prevalent in education, a fundamental challenge emerges: how can we verify if an AI truly understands how students think and reason? Traditional evaluation methods like measuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shashank Sonkar , Naiming Liu , Xinghe Chen , Richard G. Baraniuk

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in the social sciences to simulate human behavior, based on the assumption that they can generate realistic, human-like text. Yet this assumption remains largely untested. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Nicolò Pagan , Petter Törnberg , Christopher A. Bail , Anikó Hannák , Christopher Barrie