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Let I be an independent set of a graph G. Imagine that a token is located on any vertex of I. We can now move the tokens of I along the edges of the graph as long as the set of tokens still defines an independent set of G. Given two…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Marthe Bonamy , Nicolas Bousquet

Let $S$ be an independent set of a simple undirected graph $G$. Suppose that each vertex of $S$ has a token placed on it. The tokens are allowed to be moved, one at a time, by sliding along the edges of $G$, so that after each move, the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mathew C. Francis , Veena Prabhakaran

Suppose that we are given two independent sets $I_b$ and $I_r$ of a graph such that $|I_b|=|I_r|$, and imagine that a token is placed on each vertex in $I_b$. Then, the sliding token problem is to determine whether there exists a sequence…

Reconfiguration problems involve determining whether two given configurations can be transformed into each other under specific rules. The Token Sliding problem asks whether, given two different set of tokens on vertices of a graph $G$, we…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Niranka Banerjee , Christian Engels , Duc A. Hoang

We study the following variant of the 15 puzzle. Given a graph and two token placements on the vertices, we want to find a walk of the minimum length (if any exists) such that the sequence of token swappings along the walk obtains one of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hironori Kiya , Yuto Okada , Hirotaka Ono , Yota Otachi

Suppose that two independent sets $I$ and $J$ of a graph with $\vert I \vert = \vert J \vert$ are given, and a token is placed on each vertex in $I$. The Sliding Token problem is to determine whether there exists a sequence of independent…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Duc A. Hoang , Amanj Khorramian , Ryuhei Uehara

Given a graph $G$ and two independent sets $I_s$ and $I_t$ of size $k$, the independent set reconfiguration problem asks whether there exists a sequence of $k$-sized independent sets $I_s = I_0, I_1, I_2, \ldots, I_\ell = I_t$ such that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Valentin Bartier , Nicolas Bousquet , Amer E. Mouawad

The problem \textsc{Token Jumping} asks whether, given a graph $G$ and two independent sets of \emph{tokens} $I$ and $J$ of $G$, we can transform $I$ into $J$ by changing the position of a single token in each step and having an independent…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Daniel W. Cranston , Moritz Mühlenthaler , Benjamin Peyrille

In the Token Sliding problem we are given a graph $G$ and two independent sets $I_s$ and $I_t$ in $G$ of size $k \geq 1$. The goal is to decide whether there exists a sequence $\langle I_1, I_2, \ldots, I_\ell \rangle$ of independent sets…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Valentin Bartier , Nicolas Bousquet , Jihad Hanna , Amer E. Mouawad , Sebastian Siebertz

\textsc{Directed Token Sliding} asks, given a directed graph and two sets of pairwise nonadjacent vertices, whether one can reach from one set to the other by repeatedly applying a local operation that exchanges a vertex in the current set…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Takehiro Ito , Yuni Iwamasa , Yasuaki Kobayashi , Yu Nakahata , Yota Otachi , Masahiro Takahashi , Kunihiro Wasa

In the Token Jumping problem we are given a graph $G = (V,E)$ and two independent sets $S$ and $T$ of $G$, each of size $k \geq 1$. The goal is to determine whether there exists a sequence of $k$-sized independent sets in $G$, $\langle S_0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Valentin Bartier , Nicolas Bousquet , Clément Dallard , Kyle Lomer , Amer E. Mouawad

Suppose that we are given two independent sets I_b and I_r of a graph such that |I_b|=|I_r|, and imagine that a token is placed on each vertex in |I_b|. Then, the sliding token problem is to determine whether there exists a sequence of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Takeshi Yamada , Ryuhei Uehara

In this article, we revisit the complexity of the reconfiguration of independent sets under the token sliding rule on chordal graphs. In the \textsc{Token Sliding-Connectivity} problem, the input is a graph $G$ and an integer $k$, and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Rajat Adak , Saraswati Girish Nanoti , Prafullkumar Tale

Let $G$ be a planar graph and $I_s$ and $I_t$ be two independent sets in $G$, each of size $k$. We begin with a "token" on each vertex of $I_s$ and seek to move all tokens to $I_t$, by repeated "token jumping", removing a single token from…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Daniel W. Cranston

An independent set of a graph $G$ is a vertex subset $I$ such that there is no edge joining any two vertices in $I$. Imagine that a token is placed on each vertex of an independent set of $G$. The $\mathsf{TS}$- ($\mathsf{TS}_k$-)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-05-18 David Avis , Duc A. Hoang

Given a graph $G$ and two independent sets of $G$, the independent set reconfiguration problem asks whether one independent set can be transformed into the other by moving a single vertex at a time, such that at each intermediate step we…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Valentin Bartier , Nicolas Bousquet , Moritz Mühlenthaler

Suppose that we are given two independent sets $I_0$ and $I_r$ of a graph such that $|I_0| = |I_r|$, and imagine that a token is placed on each vertex in $I_0$. The token jumping problem is to determine whether there exists a sequence of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-03-12 Takehiro Ito , Marcin Kamiński , Hirotaka Ono

Given two $k$-independent sets $I$ and $J$ of a graph $G$, one can ask if it is possible to transform the one into the other in such a way that, at any step, we replace one vertex of the current independent set by another while keeping the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-06-30 Nicolas Bousquet , Arnaud Mary , Aline Parreau

We present the first results on the complexity of the reconfiguration of vertex separators under the three most popular rules: token addition/removal, token jumping, and token sliding. We show that, aside from some trivially negative…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Guilherme C. M. Gomes , Sérgio H. Nogueira , Vinicius F. dos Santos

Given a graph where every vertex has exactly one labeled token, how can we most quickly execute a given permutation on the tokens? In (sequential) token swapping, the goal is to use the shortest possible sequence of swaps, each of which…

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