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We show how to calculate the secure final key rate in the four-intensity decoy-state MDI-QKD protocol with both source errors and statistical fluctuations with a certain failure probability. Our results rely only on the range of only a few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-01 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiang-Bin Wang

There is a big gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) because real devices do not satisfy the assumptions required by the security proofs. Here, we close this gap by introducing a simple and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 Álvaro Navarrete , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Free-space channels provide the possibility of establishing continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in global communication networks. However, the fluctuating nature of transmissivity in these channels introduces an extra…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-27 Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Nathan Walk , Timothy C. Ralph

We assess the overall performance of our quantum key distribution (QKD) system implementing the measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol using components with varying capabilities such as different single photon detectors and qubit…

Information reconciliation is crucial for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) because its performance affects the secret key rate and maximal secure transmission distance. Fixed-rate error correction codes limit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Chao Zhou , Xiangyu Wang , Yi-Chen Zhang , Zhiguo Zhang , Song Yu , Hong Guo

The original two-way continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution (CV QKD) protocols [S. Pirandola, S. Mancini, S. Lloyd, and S. L. Braunstein, Nature Physics 4, 726 (2008)] give the security against the collective attack on the condition…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-16 Maozhu Sun , Xiang Peng , Yujie Shen , Hong Guo

In this work we analyze a measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol to establish continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) between two ground stations. We assume communication occurs between the ground stations via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Robert Malaney

We propose the continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol based on the Gaussian modulation of a single quadrature of the coherent states of light, which is aimed to provide simplified implementation compared to the symmetrically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-12 Vladyslav C. Usenko , Frédéric Grosshans

In the implementation of device-independent quantum key distribution we are interested in maximizing the key rate, i.e. the number of key bits that can be obtained per signal, for a fixed security parameter. In the finite size regime, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-25 Gláucia Murta , Suzanne B. van Dam , Jérémy Ribeiro , Ronald Hanson , Stephanie Wehner

The malicious manipulation of quantum key distribution (QKD) hardware is a serious threat to its security, as, typically, neither end users nor QKD manufacturers can validate the integrity of every component of their QKD system in practice.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

A main type of obstacles of practical applications of quantum key distribution (QKD) network is various attacks on detection. Measurement-device-independent QKD (MDIQKD) protocol is immune to all these attacks and thus a strong candidate…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution provides a theoretical unconditionally secure solution to distribute symmetric keys among users in a communication network. However, the practical devices used to implement these systems are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Daniel Pereira , Vana Pezelj , Florian Prawits , Hannes Hübbel

Quantum conditional entropies play a fundamental role in quantum information theory. In quantum key distribution, they are exploited to obtain reliable lower bounds on the secret-key rates in the finite-size regime, against collective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Gabriele Staffieri , Giovanni Scala , Cosmo Lupo

Quantum key distribution provides secure keys with information-theoretic security ensured by the principle of quantum mechanics. The continuous-variable version of quantum key distribution using coherent states offers the advantages of its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 Yichen Zhang , Yiming Bian , Zhengyu Li , Song Yu , Hong Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises provably secure communications. In order to improve the secret key rate, combining a biased basis choice with the decoy-state method is proposed. Concomitantly, there is a basis-independent detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Hua-Lei Yin , Peng Liu , Wei-Wei Dai , Zhao-Hui Ci , Jie Gu , Tian Gao , Qiang-Wei Wang , Zi-Yao Shen

We consider the security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution using thermal (or noisy) Gaussian resource states. Specifically, we analyze this against collective Gaussian attacks using direct and reverse reconciliation where both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-17 Christian Weedbrook , Stefano Pirandola , Timothy C. Ralph

Long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) has long time seriously relied on trusted relay or quantum repeater, which either has security threat or is far from practical implementation. Recently, a solution called twin-field (TF) QKD and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

We propose a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system with enhanced spectral efficiency through dense multiplexing of low-symbol-rate signals. A four-channel 10-Mbaud FDM-CV-QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Jahyeok Han , Donghyeok Le , Minseok Ryu , Syed Assad , Yong-Su Kim , Sunghyun Bae

The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) possesses the highest security among all practical quantum key distribution protocols. However, existing multi-intensity decoy-state methods may cause loopholes when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Chun-Hui Zhang , Chun-Mei Zhang , Qin Wang

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can provide enhanced security, as compared to traditional QKD, and it constitutes an important framework for a quantum network with an untrusted network server. Still, a key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-04 Feihu Xu