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In quantum metrology, semiconductor single-electron pumps are used to generate accurate electric currents with the ultimate goal of implementing the emerging quantum standard of the ampere. Pumps based on electrostatically defined tunable…
Electron pumps generate a macroscopic electric current by controlled manipulation of single electrons. Despite intensive research towards a quantum current standard over the last 25 years, making a fast and accurate quantised electron pump…
Using standard microfabrication techniques it is now possible to construct devices, which appear to reliably manipulate electrons one at a time. These devices have potential use as building blocks in quantum computing devices, or as a…
Nanoscale single-electron pumps can be used to generate accurate currents, and can potentially serve to realize a new standard of electrical current based on elementary charge. Here, we use a silicon-based quantum dot with tunable tunnel…
We report electron counting experiments in a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot architecture which has been previously demonstrated to generate a quantized current in excess of 80 pA with uncertainty below 30 parts per million.…
Semiconductor-based quantum dot single-electron pumps are currently the most promising candidates for the direct realization of the emerging quantum standard of the ampere in the International System of Units. Here, we discuss a silicon…
Single-charge pumps are the main candidates for quantum-based standards of the unit ampere because they can generate accurate and quantized electric currents. In order to approach the metrological requirements in terms of both accuracy and…
A silicon electron pump operating at the temperature of liquid helium has demonstrated repeatable operation with sub-ppm accuracy. The pump current, approximately 168 pA, is measured by three laboratories, and the measurements agree with…
Semiconductor tunable barrier single-electron pumps can produce output current of hundreds of picoamperes at sub ppm precision, approaching the metrological requirement for the direct implementation of the current standard. Here, we operate…
Single electron pumps are set to revolutionize electrical metrology by enabling the ampere to be re-defined in terms of the elementary charge of an electron. Pumps based on lithographically-fixed tunnel barriers in mesoscopic metallic…
Precise and reproducible current generation is key to realize quantum current standards in metrology. A promising candidate is a tunable-barrier single-charge pump, which can accurately transfer single charges one by one with an error rate…
The dynamic capture of electrons in a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) by raising a potential barrier is a crucial stage in metrological quantized charge pumping. In this work, we use a quantum point contact (QPC) charge sensor to study…
Electron pumps capable of delivering a current higher than 100pA with sufficient accuracy are likely to become the direct mise en pratique of the possible new quantum definition of the ampere. Furthermore, they are essential for closing the…
We measure the average number of electrons loaded into an electrostatically-defined quantum dot (QD) operated as a tunable-barrier electron pump, using a point-contact (PC) charge sensor 1 micron away from the QD. The measurement of the…
We perform in-situ detection of individual electrons pumped through a single-electron turnstile based on ultrasmall normal metal - insulator - superconductor tunnel junctions. In our setup, limited by the detector bandwidth, at low…
The mechanism of single-charge pumping using a dynamic quantum dot needs to be precisely understood for high-accuracy and universal operation toward applications to quantum current standards and quantum information devices. The type of…
We report on single-electron shuttling experiments with a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot at 300 mK. Our system consists of an accumulated electron layer at the Si/SiO_2 interface below an aluminum top gate with two additional…
A well-characterised sample of silicon tunable-barrier electron pump has been operated at a frequency of 2 GHz using a custom drive waveform, generating a pump current of 320 pA. Precision measurements of the current were made as a function…
Presented in this paper is a proof-of-concept for a new approach to single electron pumping based on a Single Atom Transistor (SAT). By charge pumping electrons through an isolated dopant atom in silicon, precise currents of up to 160 pA at…
We study single-parameter quantized charge pumping via a semiconductor quantum dot in high magnetic fields. The quantum dot is defined between two top gates in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. Application of an oscillating voltage to one of…