Related papers: A new integrated symmetrical table for genetic cod…
Background: There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is a Codon Usage Bias (CUB). This article will provide novel information…
The origin and organizing principles of the genetic code remain fundamental puzzles in life science. The vanishingly low probability of the natural codon-to-amino acid mapping arising by chance has spurred the hypothesis that its structure…
In the present work, 16 genetic code doublets and their cognate amino acids in the genetic code are fitted into a polyhedron model. Based on the structural regularity in nucleobases, and by using a series of common-sense topological…
The present work is devoted to describe a set of rules explaining the discriminating versus non-discriminating behavior of the di-basic stages and to characterize the role of each base in determining such a behavior. Bases are analyze as…
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. The code defines a mapping between tri-nucleotide sequences,…
The structure of the genetic code is discussed in formal terms. A rectangular table of the code ("the code matrix"), whose properties reveal its arithmetical content tagged with the information symbols in several notations. New parameters…
A quantitative theory on the construction and the evolution of the genetic code is proposed. Through introducing the concept of mutational deterioration (MD) and developing a theoretical formalism on MD minimization we have proved: 1, the…
Degeneracy of the genetic code is a biological way to minimize effects of the undesirable mutation changes. Degeneration has a natural description on the 5-adic space of 64 codons $\mathcal{C}_5 (64) = \{n_0 + n_1 5 + n_2 5^2 : n_i = 1, 2,…
The tendencies described in this work were revealed in the course of examination of adenine and uracil distribution in the mRNA encoding sequence. The study also discusses the usage of codons occupied by the amino acid arginine in the table…
The genetic code maps the sixty-four nucleotide triplets (codons) to twenty amino-acids. Some argue that the specific form of the code with its twenty amino-acids might be a 'frozen accident' because of the overwhelming effects of any…
We discuss the similarity of the degeneration structure of the genetic code with a pure number theoretic -- ``divisors code.'' The most interesting thing about our observation is not that there is a connection between number theory and the…
The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code (SGC). While it remains unclear why this universal code has arisen…
Background The theoretical requirements for a genetic code were well defined and modeled by George Gamow and Francis Crick in the 50-es. Their models failed. However the valid Genetic Code, provided by Nirenberg and Matthaei in 1961,…
The post-genomic era has brought opportunities to bridge traditionally separate fields of early history of life and brought new insight into origin and evolution of biodiversity. According to distributions of codons in genome sequences, I…
Many modified genetic codes are found in specific genomes in which one or more codons have been reassigned to a different amino acid from that in the canonical code. We present a model that unifies four possible mechanisms for reassignment,…
Evolution of genetic code is studied as the change in the choice of enzymes that are used to synthesize amino acids from the genetic information of nucleic acids. We propose the following theory: the differentiation of physiological states…
Background/ Objectives: Resolving the origin of the genetic code is fundamental to understanding how life began its journey out of the chemical world. Since its deciphering some 60 years ago, there is still no general theory of the…
Although several synonymous codons can encode the same aminoacid, this symmetry is generally broken in natural genetic systems. In this article, we show that the symmetry breaking can result from selective pressures due to the violation of…
By starting from the four DNA bases order in the Boolean lattice, a novel Lie Algebra of the genetic code is proposed. Here, the principal partitions of the genetic code table were obtained as equivalent classes of quotient subspaces of the…
The paper represents three supplements to the source paper, q-bio/0610044 [q-bio.OT], with three new series of harmonic structures of the genetic code, determined by Gauss arithmetical algorithm; by Table of Minimal Adding, as in…