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The main purpose of this article is to describe the taxonomy of computer languages according to the levels of abstraction. There exists so many computer languages because of so many reasons like the evolution of better computer languages…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-11-15 Dr. Brijender Kahanwal

The Binary Search Tree (BST) is average in computer science which supports a compact data structure in memory and oneself even conducts a row of quick algorithms, by which people often apply it in dynamical circumstance. Besides these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Yong Tan

An alphabetic binary tree formulation applies to problems in which an outcome needs to be determined via alphabetically ordered search prior to the termination of some window of opportunity. Rather than finding a decision tree minimizing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-03-28 Michael B. Baer

The Learnable Tree Filter presents a remarkable approach to model structure-preserving relations for semantic segmentation. Nevertheless, the intrinsic geometric constraint forces it to focus on the regions with close spatial distance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Lin Song , Yanwei Li , Zhengkai Jiang , Zeming Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Hongbin Sun , Jian Sun , Nanning Zheng

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized software engineering (SE) by enhancing software development efficiency. The advent of pre-trained models (PTMs) leveraging transfer learning has significantly advanced AI for SE. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Zixiang Xian , Rubing Huang , Dave Towey , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

In this paper we introduce Latent Tree Language Model (LTLM), a novel approach to language modeling that encodes syntax and semantics of a given sentence as a tree of word roles. The learning phase iteratively updates the trees by moving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Tomas Brychcin

Traditional algorithms for detecting differences in source code focus on differences between lines. As such, little can be learned about abstract changes that occur over time within a project. Structural differencing on the program's…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-07-09 Jason Dagit , Matthew Sottile

The derivation trees of a tree adjoining grammar provide a first insight into the sentence semantics, and are thus prime targets for generation systems. We define a formalism, feature-based regular tree grammars, and a translation from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Sylvain Schmitz , Joseph Le Roux

The representation of sentences is a very important task. It can be used as a way to exchange data inter-applications. One main characteristic, that a notation must have, is a minimal size and a representative form. This can reduce the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Abdelkrime Aries , Djamel Eddine Zegour , Walid Khaled Hidouci

We introduce ACER, an AST-based call graph generator framework. ACER leverages tree-sitter to interface with any language. We opted to focus on generators that operate on abstract syntax trees (ASTs) due to their speed and simplicitly in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Andrew Chen , Yanfu Yan , Denys Poshyvanyk

This paper presents Gom, a language for describing abstract syntax trees and generating a Java implementation for those trees. Gom includes features allowing the user to specify and modify the interface of the data structure. These features…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Antoine Reilles

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become essential for large-scale code generation, grounding predictions in external code corpora to improve actuality. However, a critical yet underexplored aspect of RAG pipelines is chunking -- the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yilin Zhang , Xinran Zhao , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Chenyang Yang , Jiayi Wei , Tongshuang Wu

Performance analysis has always been an afterthought during the application development process, focusing on application correctness first. The learning curve of the existing static and dynamic analysis tools are steep, which requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Nathan Pinnow , Tarek Ramadan , Tanzima Z. Islam , Chase Phelps , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Because of their superior ability to preserve sequence information over time, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a type of recurrent neural network with a more complex computational unit, have obtained strong results on a variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Kai Sheng Tai , Richard Socher , Christopher D. Manning

Graphs are a generalized concept that encompasses more complex data structures than trees, such as difference lists, doubly-linked lists, skip lists, and leaf-linked trees. Normally, these structures are handled with destructive assignments…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Jin Sano , Naoki Yamamoto , Kazunori Ueda

Data trees serve as an abstraction of structured data, such as XML documents. A number of specification formalisms for languages of data trees have been developed, many of them adhering to the paradigm of register automata, which is based…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Simon Prucker , Lutz Schröder

Code classification is a difficult issue in program understanding and automatic coding. Due to the elusive syntax and complicated semantics in programs, most existing studies use techniques based on abstract syntax tree (AST) and graph…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Guang Yang , Tiancheng Jin , Liang Dou

While a considerable amount of semantic parsing approaches have employed RNN architectures for code generation tasks, there have been only few attempts to investigate the applicability of Transformers for this task. Including hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Klaudia-Doris Thellmann , Bernhard Stadler , Ricardo Usbeck , Jens Lehmann

To investigate the evolution of syntax, we need to ascertain the evolutionary r\^ole of syntax and, before that, the very nature of syntax. Here, we will assume that syntax is computing. And then, since we are computationally Turing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Ramón Casares

In this paper, we study classes of structures and individual structures for which programs implementing functions defined everywhere are equivalent to finite tree-programs. The programs under consideration may have cycles and at most…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Mikhail Moshkov