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This study explores Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) as a transformative tool for code refactoring, using abstract syntax trees (ASTs) to boost software maintainability. It analyzes a dataset of 2 million snippets from CodeSearchNet and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Gopichand Bandarupalli

With the recent advancements in deep learning, neural solvers have gained promising results in solving math word problems. However, these SOTA solvers only generate binary expression trees that contain basic arithmetic operators and do not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Shih-hung Tsai , Chao-Chun Liang , Hsin-Min Wang , Keh-Yih Su

Software undergoes constant changes to support new requirements, address bugs, enhance performance, and ensure maintainability. Thus, developers spend a great portion of their workday trying to understand and review the code changes of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Pouria Alikhanifard , Nikolaos Tsantalis

We address the problem of any-code completion - generating a missing piece of source code in a given program without any restriction on the vocabulary or structure. We introduce a new approach to any-code completion that leverages the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Uri Alon , Roy Sadaka , Omer Levy , Eran Yahav

Current language models tailored for code tasks often adopt the pre-training-then-fine-tuning paradigm from natural language processing, modeling source code as plain text. This approach, however, overlooks the unambiguous structures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Mayank Agarwal , Yikang Shen , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , Jie Chen

Automatic code summarization frees software developers from the heavy burden of manual commenting and benefits software development and maintenance. Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), which depicts the source code's syntactic structure, has been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Chen Lin , Zhichao Ouyang , Junqing Zhuang , Jianqiang Chen , Hui Li , Rongxin Wu

We propose a novel method for automatic program synthesis. P-Tree Programming represents the program search space through a single probabilistic prototype tree. From this prototype tree we form program instances which we evaluate on a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-13 Christian Oesch

Using the pre-trained language models to understand source codes has attracted increasing attention from financial institutions owing to the great potential to uncover financial risks. However, there are several challenges in applying these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Rong Liang , Tiehua Zhang , Yujie Lu , Yuze Liu , Zhen Huang , Xin Chen

Context-free languages can be characterized in several ways. This article studies projective linearisations of languages of simple dependency trees, i.e., dependency trees in which a node can govern at most one node with a given syntactic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Carles Cardó

We use reinforcement learning to learn tree-structured neural networks for computing representations of natural language sentences. In contrast with prior work on tree-structured models in which the trees are either provided as input or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Dani Yogatama , Phil Blunsom , Chris Dyer , Edward Grefenstette , Wang Ling

Tree automata based algorithms are essential in many fields in computer science such as verification, specification, program analysis. They become also essential for databases with the development of standards such as XML. In this paper, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 J. Carme , R. Gilleron , A. Lemay , A. Terlutte , M. Tommasi

The contribution of this paper is the development of the syntax and semantics of multi-sorted nominal abstract binding trees (abts), an extension of second order universal algebra to support symbol-indexed families of operators. Nominal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-01-26 Jonathan Sterling , Darin Morrison

An effective and efficient encoding of the source code of a computer program is critical to the success of sequence-to-sequence deep neural network models for tasks in computer program comprehension, such as automated code summarization and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Tenzin Jinpa , Yong Gao

Summarizing source code into natural language descriptions (code summarization) helps developers better understand program functionality and reduce the burden of software maintenance. Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), as opposed to source code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Shijia Dong , Haoruo Zhao , Paul Harvey

Dynamic regression trees are an attractive option for automatic regression and classification with complicated response surfaces in on-line application settings. We create a sequential tree model whose state changes in time with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-23 Matthew A. Taddy , Robert B. Gramacy , Nicholas G. Polson

Formal languages let us define the textual representation of data with precision. Formal grammars, typically in the form of BNF-like productions, describe the language syntax, which is then annotated for syntax-directed translation and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Luis Quesada , Fernando Berzal , Juan-Carlos Cubero

Building models that take advantage of the hierarchical structure of language without a priori annotation is a longstanding goal in natural language processing. We introduce such a model for the task of machine translation, pairing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-07 James Bradbury , Richard Socher

Source code (Context) and its parsed abstract syntax tree (AST; Structure) are two complementary representations of the same computer program. Traditionally, designers of machine learning models have relied predominantly either on Structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Daniel Zügner , Tobias Kirschstein , Michele Catasta , Jure Leskovec , Stephan Günnemann

During software maintenance, programmers spend a lot of time on code comprehension. Reading comments is an effective way for programmers to reduce the reading and navigating time when comprehending source code. Therefore, as a critical task…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Xing Hu , Yuhan Wei , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

The application of machine learning algorithms to source code has grown in the past years. Since these algorithms are quite sensitive to input data, it is not surprising that researchers experiment with input representations. Nowadays, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Egor Spirin , Egor Bogomolov , Vladimir Kovalenko , Timofey Bryksin