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First-order optimization methods are crucial for solving large-scale data processing problems, particularly those involving convex non-smooth composite objectives. For such problems with convex non-smooth composite objectives, we introduce…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Endrit Dosti , Sergiy A. Vorobyov , Themistoklis Charalambous

We construct a semi-Lagrangian scheme for first-order, time-dependent, and non-local Mean Field Games. The convergence of the scheme to a weak solution of the system is analyzed by exploiting a key monotonicity property. To solve the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Elisabetta Carlini , Valentina Coscetti

In general, two-agent decision-making problems can be modeled as a two-player game, and a typical solution is to find a Nash equilibrium in such game. Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a well-known method to find a Nash…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Shuhan Qi , Jiajia Zhang , Yang Liu , Yulin Wu , Fengwei Jia

Extensive-form games (EFGs) model finite sequential interactions between players. The amount of memory required to represent these games is the main bottleneck of algorithms for computing optimal strategies and the size of these strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Jiri Cermak , Viliam Lisy , Branislav Bosansky

Nash equilibrium is a popular solution concept for solving imperfect-information games in practice. However, it has a major drawback: it does not preclude suboptimal play in branches of the game tree that are not reached in equilibrium.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

The goal in this paper is to develop first-order methods equipped with convergence rates for multi-agent optimization problems on semidefinite matrix spaces. These problems include cooperative optimization problems and non-cooperative Nash…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-02-18 Nahidsadat Majlesinasab , Farzad Yousefian , Mohammad Javad Feizollahi

We study online learning and equilibrium computation in games with polyhedral decision sets, a property shared by both normal-form games and extensive-form games (EFGs), when the learning agent is restricted to using a best-response oracle.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Darshan Chakrabarti , Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer

Recent advances (Sherman, 2017; Sidford and Tian, 2018; Cohen et al., 2021) have overcome the fundamental barrier of dimension dependence in the iteration complexity of solving $\ell_\infty$ regression with first-order methods. Yet it…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Cedar Site Bai , Brian Bullins

Extensive-form games are a common model for multiagent interactions with imperfect information. In two-player zero-sum games, the typical solution concept is a Nash equilibrium over the unconstrained strategy set for each player. In many…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Trevor Davis , Kevin Waugh , Michael Bowling

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) algorithms are a foundational class of methods for solving imperfect-information games, with the time average of their iterates converging to a Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games. Prior…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Naifeng Zhang , Stephen McAleer , Tuomas Sandholm

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of algorithms for effectively solving imperfect-information games. To enhance CFR's applicability in large games, researchers use neural networks to approximate its behavior. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Hang Xu , Kai Li , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Junliang Xing , Jian Cheng

A dominant approach to solving large imperfect-information games is Counterfactural Regret Minimization (CFR). In CFR, many regret minimization problems are combined to solve the game. For very large games, abstraction is typically needed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Ryan D'Orazio , Dustin Morrill , James R. Wright

A considerable chasm has been looming for decades between theory and practice in zero-sum game solving through first-order methods. Although a convergence rate of $T^{-1}$ has long been established, the most effective paradigm in practice…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Brian Hu Zhang , Ioannis Anagnostides , Tuomas Sandholm

We present a general technique for the analysis of first-order methods. The technique relies on the construction of a duality gap for an appropriate approximation of the objective function, where the function approximation improves as the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-12 Jelena Diakonikolas , Lorenzo Orecchia

Driven by recent successes in two-player, zero-sum game solving and playing, artificial intelligence work on games has increasingly focused on algorithms that produce equilibrium-based strategies. However, this approach has been less…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Dustin Morrill , Ryan D'Orazio , Reca Sarfati , Marc Lanctot , James R. Wright , Amy Greenwald , Michael Bowling

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a popular method to deal with decision-making problems of two-player zero-sum games with imperfect information. Unlike existing studies that mostly explore for solving larger scale problems or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Fengwei Jia , Yifan Li , Yulin Wu , Jiajia Zhang , Shuhan Qi

First-order optimization methods tend to inherently favor certain solutions over others when minimizing an underdetermined training objective that has multiple global optima. This phenomenon, known as implicit bias, plays a critical role in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Guanghui Wang , Zihao Hu , Claudio Gentile , Vidya Muthukumar , Jacob Abernethy

We address a central (and classical) issue in the theory of infinite games: the reduction of the memory size that is needed to implement winning strategies in regular infinite games (i.e., controllers that ensure correct behavior against…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2011-02-22 Marcus Gelderie , Michael Holtmann

To establish last-iterate convergence for Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithms in learning a Nash equilibrium (NE) of extensive-form games (EFGs), recent studies reformulate learning an NE of the original EFG as learning the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Linjian Meng , Youzhi Zhang , Zhenxing Ge , Shangdong Yang , Tianyu Ding , Wenbin Li , Tianpei Yang , Bo An , Yang Gao

This paper proposes a multiscale method for solving the numerical solution of mean field games which accelerates the convergence and addresses the problem of determining the initial guess. Starting from an approximate solution at the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-01-11 Haoya Li , Yuwei Fan , Lexing Ying