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Simulation of interacting fermionic Hamiltonians is one of the most promising applications of quantum computers. However, the feasibility of analysing fermionic systems with a quantum computer hinges on the efficiency of fermion-to-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Jeffery Yu , Yuan Liu , Sho Sugiura , Troy Van Voorhis , Sina Zeytinoğlu

We use the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) to simulate Kitaev spin models with and without integrability breaking perturbations, focusing in particular on the honeycomb and square-octagon lattices. These models are well known for…

Simulating the dynamical properties of large-scale many-fermion systems is a longstanding goal of quantum chemistry, material science and condensed matter. Local fermion-to-qubit encodings have opened a new path for practical fermionic…

Near-term quantum simulators are mostly based on qubit-based architectures. However, their imperfect nature significantly limits their practical application. The situation is even worse for simulating fermionic systems, which underlie most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-29 Qingyu Li , Chiranjib Mukhopadhyay , Abolfazl Bayat

Efficient encoding of electronic operators into qubits is essential for quantum chemistry simulations. The majority of methods map single electron states to qubits, effectively handling electron interactions. Alternatively, pairs of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Francisco Javier Del Arco Santos , Jakob S. Kottmann

We show in detail how the Jordan-Wigner transformation can be used to simulate any fermionic many-body Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. We develop an algorithm based on appropriate qubit gates that takes a general fermionic Hamiltonian,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Ovrum , M. Hjorth-Jensen

A local transformation from fermionic operators to spin matrices is proposed and studied in this work. For this purpose, a system of fermions on a lattice is considered and one applies the scheme to replace the fermionic variables with spin…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2022-06-22 Adam Wyrzykowski

Mapping fermionic systems to qubits on a quantum computer is often the first step for algorithms in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. However, it is difficult to reconcile the many different approaches that have been proposed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Haytham McDowall-Rose , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh

We propose a computational protocol for quantum simulations of Fermionic Hamiltonians on a quantum computer, enabling calculations which were previously not feasible with conventional encoding and ansatses of variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-15 Benchen Huang , Nan Sheng , Marco Govoni , Giulia Galli

We describe methods for simulating general second-quantized Hamiltonians using the compact encoding, in which qubit states encode only the occupied modes in physical occupation number basis states. These methods apply to second-quantized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-29 William M. Kirby , Sultana Hadi , Michael Kreshchuk , Peter J. Love

Simulation of fermionic many-body systems on a quantum computer requires a suitable encoding of fermionic degrees of freedom into qubits. Here we revisit the Superfast Encoding introduced by Kitaev and one of the authors. This encoding maps…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Kanav Setia , Sergey Bravyi , Antonio Mezzacapo , James D. Whitfield

We propose a method of simulating efficiently many-body interacting fermion lattice models in trapped ions, including highly nonlinear interactions in arbitrary spatial dimensions and for arbitrarily distant couplings. We map products of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 J. Casanova , A. Mezzacapo , L. Lamata , E. Solano

The Fermi-Hubbard model, a fundamental framework for studying strongly correlated phenomena could significantly benefit from quantum simulations when exploring non-trivial settings. However, simulating this problem requires twice as many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-05 Arian Vezvaee , Nathan Earnest-Noble , Khadijeh Najafi

Through the introduction of auxiliary fermions, or an enlarged spin space, one can map local fermion Hamiltonians onto local spin Hamiltonians, at the expense of introducing a set of additional constraints. We present a variational…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-10-19 Jannes Nys , Giuseppe Carleo

Quantum simulations before fault tolerance suffer from the intrinsic noise present in quantum computers. In this regime, extracting meaningful results greatly benefits from stability against that noise. This stability, defined as an error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Guillermo González-García , Filippo Maria Gambetta , Raul A. Santos

Quantum chemistry simulations on a quantum computer suffer from the overhead needed for encoding the fermionic problem in a bosonic system of qubits. By exploiting the block diagonality of a fermionic Hamiltonian, we show that the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-09 Nikolaj Moll , Andreas Fuhrer , Peter Staar , Ivano Tavernelli

Fermion-to-qubit mappings that preserve geometric locality are especially useful for simulating lattice fermion models (e.g., the Hubbard model) on a quantum computer. They avoid the overhead associated with geometric non-local parity terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-25 Zhang Jiang , Jarrod McClean , Ryan Babbush , Hartmut Neven

The efficient encoding of the fermionic Schr\"odinger equation as a spin system Hamiltonian is a long-term problem. I describe an encoding for the fermionic position space Schr\"odinger equation on a finite-volume periodic lattice with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-13 Kenneth S. McElvain

We present a general strategy for mapping fermionic systems to quantum hardware with square qubit connectivity which yields low-depth quantum circuits, counted in the number of native two-qubit fSIM gates. We achieve this by leveraging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Manuel G. Algaba , P. V. Sriluckshmy , Martin Leib , Fedor Šimkovic

The Jordan-Wigner transformation maps a one-dimensional spin-1/2 system onto a fermionic model without spin degree of freedom. A double chain of quantum bits with XX and ZZ couplings of neighboring qubits along and between the chains,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-09 Jan-Michael Reiner , Michael Marthaler , Jochen Braumüller , Martin Weides , Gerd Schön