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The simulation of quantum many-body systems, relevant for quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics, is one of the most promising applications of near-term quantum computers before fault-tolerance. However, since the vast majority of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Arash Jafarizadeh , Frank Pollmann , Adam Gammon-Smith

We show how to apply the quantum adiabatic algorithm directly to the quantum computation of molecular properties. We describe a procedure to map electronic structure Hamiltonians to 2-local qubit Hamiltonians with a small set of physically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-20 Ryan Babbush , Peter J. Love , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Simulating molecular systems on quantum computers requires efficient mappings from Fermionic operators to qubit operators. Traditional mappings such as Jordan-Wigner or Bravyi-Kitaev often produce high-weight Pauli terms, increasing circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 James Brown , Tarini S Hardikar , Kenny Heitritter , Kanav Setia

We investigate the simulation of fermionic systems on a quantum computer. We show in detail how quantum computers avoid the dynamical sign problem present in classical simulations of these systems, therefore reducing a problem believed to…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-02-05 G. Ortiz , J. E. Gubernatis , E. Knill , R. Laflamme

The ability to perform classically intractable electronic structure calculations is often cited as one of the principal applications of quantum computing. A great deal of theoretical algorithmic development has been performed in support of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-07 Andrew Tranter , Peter J. Love , Florian Mintert , Peter V. Coveney

The most scalable proposed methods of simulating lattice fermions on noisy quantum computers employ encodings that eliminate nonlocal operators using a constant factor more qubits and a nontrivial stabilizer group. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Riley W. Chien , Kanav Setia , Xavier Bonet-Monroig , Mark Steudtner , James D. Whitfield

We numerically analyze the feasibility of a platform-neutral, general strategy to perform quantum simulations of fermionic lattice field theories under open boundary conditions. The digital quantum simulator requires solely one- and…

Simulating fermionic systems on a quantum computer requires representing fermionic states using qubits. The complexity of many simulation algorithms depends on the complexity of implementing rotations generated by fermionic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-08 Joseph Carolan , Luke Schaeffer

The mapping of fermionic states onto qubit states, as well as the mapping of fermionic Hamiltonian into quantum gates enables us to simulate electronic systems with a quantum computer. Benefiting the understanding of many-body systems in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Mark Steudtner , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum simulations of many-body systems are among the most promising applications of quantum computers. In particular, models based on strongly-correlated fermions are central to our understanding of quantum chemistry and materials…

In our recent work, we have examined various fermion to qubit mappings in the context of quantum simulation including the original Bravyi-Kitaev Superfast encoding (OSE) as well as a generalized version (GSE). We return to OSE and compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-17 Riley W. Chien , Sha Xue , Tarini S. Hardikar , Kanav Setia , James D. Whitfield

Simulation of fermionic Hamiltonians with gate-based quantum computers requires the selection of an encoding from fermionic operators to quantum gates, the most widely used being the Jordan-Wigner transform. Many alternative encodings…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Michael Williams de la Bastida , Thomas M. Bickley , Peter V. Coveney

Quantum simulation of chemical Hamiltonians enables the efficient calculation of chemical properties. Mapping is one of the essential steps in simulating fermionic systems on quantum computers. In this work, a unified framework of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-11 Qing-Song Li , Huan-Yu Liu , Qingchun Wang , Yu-Chun Wu , Guo-Ping Guo

Many-body fermionic quantum calculations performed on analog quantum computers are restricted by the presence of k-local terms, which represent interactions among more than two qubits. These originate from the fermion-to-qubit mapping…

Known mappings that encode fermionic modes into a bosonic qubit system are non-local transformations. In this paper we establish that this must necessarily be the case, if the locality graph is complex enough (for example for regular 2$d$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Tommaso Guaita

Transformations which convert between Fermionic modes and qubit operations have become a ubiquitous tool in quantum algorithms for simulating systems. Similarly, collections of Pauli operators might be obtained from solutions of non-local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Lane G. Gunderman

Arrays of superconducting qubits and cavities offer a promising route for realizing highly controllable artificial materials. However, many analog simulations of superconducting circuit hardware have focused on bosonic systems. Fermionic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Peter D. Johannsen , Constantin Schrade

In ab-initio electronic structure simulations, fermion-to-qubit mappings represent the initial encoding step of the fermionic problem into qubits. This work introduces a physically-inspired method for constructing mappings that…

Performing large-scale, accurate quantum simulations of many-fermion systems is a central challenge in quantum science, with applications in chemistry, materials, and high-energy physics. Despite significant progress, realizing generic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-12 Nishad Maskara , Marcin Kalinowski , Daniel Gonzalez-Cuadra , Mikhail D. Lukin

Simulating many-body fermionic systems in conventional qubit-based quantum computers poses significant challenges due to the overheads associated with the encoding of fermionic statistics in qubits, leading to the proposal of native…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Ahana Ghoshal , Carlos de Gois , Kiara Hansenne , Otfried Gühne , Hai-Chau Nguyen