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Exoplanet observations have shown that the occurrence and orbital architectures of close-in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are shaped by the presence of outer gas giant planets. This influence may emerge during the formation stage or from…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 Marcela Best , Antranik A. Sefilian , Carolina Charalambous , Kedron Silsbee , Cristobal Petrovich

The formation of gas-giant planets within the lifetime of a protoplanetary disk is challenging especially far from a star. A promising model for the rapid formation of giant-planet cores is pebble accretion in which gas drag during…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 John Chambers

We investigate the chemical composition of the solar system's giant planets atmospheres using a physical formation model with chemistry. The model incorporate disk evolution, pebbles and gas accretion, type I and II migration, simplified…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-07 Mohamad Ali-Dib

Using the clathrate hydrates trapping theory, we discuss the enrichments in volatiles in the atmosphere of Jupiter measured by the \textit{Galileo} probe in the framework of new extended core-accretion planet formation models including…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Yann Alibert , Olivier Mousis , Willy Benz

The emergent spectra of close-in, giant exoplanets ("hot Jupiters") are expected to be distinct from those of self-luminous objects with similar effective temperatures because hot Jupiters are primarily heated from above by their host stars…

We present a new numerical framework to model the formation and evolution of giant planets. The code is based on the further development of the stellar evolution toolkit Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA). The model…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-10 Claudio Valletta , Ravit Helled

The connection between the atmospheric composition of giant planets and their origin remains elusive. In this study, we explore how convective mixing can link the primordial planetary state to its atmospheric composition. We simulate the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-29 Henrik Knierim , Ravit Helled

The outer giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, pose a challenge to theories of planet formation. They exist in a region of the Solar System where long dynamical timescales and a low primordial density of material would have conspired to make…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Edward W. Thommes , Martin J. Duncan , Harold F. Levison

The thermal structure of planetary atmospheres is an essential input for predicting and retrieving the distribution of gases and aerosols, as well as the bulk chemical abundances. In the case of Jupiter, the temperature at a reference level…

The origin of hot Jupiters remains a key open question. In the high-eccentricity migration scenario, traditional coreless models predict a strict tidal exclusion zone within $\sim 2.7$ tidal radii $r_\textrm{t}$, in which giant planets are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-15 Qianli Fan , Shang-Fei Liu

We present evolutionary sequences for Jupiter and Saturn, based on new nongray model atmospheres, which take into account the evolution of the solar luminosity and partitioning of dense components to deeper layers. The results are used to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 W. B. Hubbard , T. Guillot , M. S. Marley , A. Burrows , J. I. Lunine , D. S. Saumon

Many hot and ultra-hot Jupiters have inflated radii, implying that their interiors retain significant entropy from formation. These hot interiors lead to an enhanced internal heat flux that impinges upon the atmosphere from below. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-29 Thaddeus D. Komacek , Peter Gao , Daniel P. Thorngren , Erin M. May , Xianyu Tan

Hot Jupiters are giant Jupiter-like exoplanets that orbit 100x closer to their host stars than Jupiter does to the Sun. These planets presumably form in the outer part of the primordial disc from which both the central star and surrounding…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-21 JF Donati , C Moutou , L Malo , C Baruteau , L Yu , E Hebrard , G Hussain , S Alencar , F Menard , J Bouvier , P Petit , M Takami , R Doyon , A Collier Cameron

The mass and distribution of metals in the interiors of exoplanets are essential for constraining their formation and evolution processes. Nevertheless, with only masses and radii measured, the determination of exoplanet interior structures…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-28 Sanne Bloot , Yamila Miguel , Michaël Bazot , Saburo Howard

We present Direct Numerical Simulations of the transport of heat and heavy elements across a double-diffusive interface or a double-diffusive staircase, in conditions that are close to those one may expect to find near the boundary between…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-01 R. Moll , P. Garaud , C. Mankovich , J. J. Fortney

A primary goal of exoplanet characterization is to use a planet's current composition to understand how that planet formed. For example, the C/O ratio has long been recognized as carrying important information on the chemistry of volatile…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-23 Joshua D. Lothringer , Zafar Rustamkulov , David K. Sing , Neale P. Gibson , Jamie Wilson , Kevin C. Schlaufman

We have conducted three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical models of gas accretion onto high mass cores (15-33 Earth masses) over hundreds of orbits. Of these models, one case accretes more than a third of a Jupiter mass…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Ben A. Ayliffe , Matthew R. Bate

There have been many proposed explanations for the larger-than-expected radii of some transiting hot Jupiters, including either stellar or orbital energy deposition deep in the atmosphere or deep in the interior. In this paper, we explore…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 David S. Spiegel , Adam Burrows

Measurements of the atmospheric carbon (C) and oxygen (O) relative to hydrogen (H) in hot Jupiters (relative to their host stars) provide insight into their formation location and subsequent orbital migration. Hot Jupiters that form beyond…

Oxygen (O) and carbon (C) have been inferred recently to be subsolar in abundance from spectra of the atmosphere of the transiting hot Jupiter HD 189733b. Yet, the mass and radius of the planet coupled with structure models indicate a…