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For the estimation of cumulative link models for ordinal data, the bias-reducing adjusted score equations in \citet{firth:93} are obtained, whose solution ensures an estimator with smaller asymptotic bias than the maximum likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-16 Ioannis Kosmidis

Data analysis in science, e.g., high-energy particle physics, is often subject to an intractable likelihood if the observables and observations span a high-dimensional input space. Typically the problem is solved by reducing the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2021-01-14 Stefan Wunsch , Simon Jörger , Roger Wolf , Günter Quast

Full likelihood-based inference for high-dimensional multivariate extreme value distributions, or max-stable processes, is feasible when incorporating occurrence times of the maxima; without this information, $d$-dimensional likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-01 J. L. Wadsworth

Estimations of physical parameters using data usually involve non-uniform experimental efficiencies. In this article, a method of maximum likelihood fit is introduced using the efficiency as a weight, while the probability distribution…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2023-08-31 Chenxu Yu , Yanxi Zhang

We describe here the general mathematical approach to constructing likelihoods for fitting observed spectra in one or more dimensions with multiple sources, including the effects of systematic uncertainties represented as nuisance…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-03-03 J. S. Conway

A composite likelihood is a non-genuine likelihood function that allows to make inference on limited aspects of a model, such as marginal or conditional distributions. Composite likelihoods are not proper likelihoods and need therefore…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-06 Michele Lambardi di San Miniato , Nicola Sartori

Composite likelihood provides approximate inference when the full likelihood is intractable and sub-likelihood functions of marginal events can be evaluated relatively easily. It has been successfully applied for many complex models.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-05 Wentao Li , Rosabeth White , Dennis Prangle

Several problems in statistics involve the combination of high-variance unbiased estimators with low-variance estimators that are only unbiased under strong assumptions. A notable example is the estimation of causal effects while combining…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-25 Michael Oberst , Alexander D'Amour , Minmin Chen , Yuyan Wang , David Sontag , Steve Yadlowsky

Parameter estimation via unbinned maximum likelihood fits is central for many analyses performed in high energy physics. Unbinned maximum likelihood fits using event weights, for example to statistically subtract background contributions…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2022-05-09 Christoph Langenbruch

The likelihood function plays a pivotal role in statistical inference; it is adaptable to a wide range of models and the resultant estimators are known to have good properties. However, these results hinge on correct specification of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-15 Adam Jaeger , Nicole Lazar

The bias of an estimator is defined as the difference of its expected value from the parameter to be estimated, where the expectation is with respect to the model. Loosely speaking, small bias reflects the desire that if an experiment is…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-16 Ioannis Kosmidis

This paper modifies Jaynes's axioms of plausible reasoning and derives the minimum relative entropy principle, Bayes's rule, as well as maximum likelihood from first principles. The new axioms, which I call the Optimum Information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-03-30 Alexis Akira Toda

Data separation is a well-studied phenomenon that can cause problems in the estimation and inference from binary response models. Complete or quasi-complete separation occurs when there is a combination of regressors in the model whose…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-19 Susanne Köll , Ioannis Kosmidis , Christian Kleiber , Achim Zeileis

The maximal information coefficient (MIC), which measures the amount of dependence between two variables, is able to detect both linear and non-linear associations. However, computational cost grows rapidly as a function of the dataset…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-08-18 Ali Mousavi , Richard G. Baraniuk

A concrete, stylized example illustrates that inferences may be degraded, rather than improved, by incorporating supplementary data via a joint likelihood. In the example, the likelihood is assumed to be correctly specified, as is the prior…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-05-24 P. Richard Hahn

The character of the time-asymptotic evolution of physical systems can have complex, singular behavior with variation of a system parameter, particularly when chaos is involved. A perturbation of the parameter by a small amount $\epsilon$…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2015-06-22 Madhura Joglekar , Edward Ott , James A. Yorke

Composite likelihood usually ignores dependencies among response components, while variational approximation to likelihood ignores dependencies among parameter components. We derive a Gaussian variational approximation to the composite…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-23 Libai Xu , Nancy Reid , Dehan Kong

We consider the asymptotic consistency of maximum likelihood parameter estimation for dynamical systems observed with noise. Under suitable conditions on the dynamical systems and the observations, we show that maximum likelihood parameter…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-12-01 Kevin McGoff , Sayan Mukherjee , Andrew Nobel , Natesh Pillai

Building on the view of machine learning as search, we demonstrate the necessity of bias in learning, quantifying the role of bias (measured relative to a collection of possible datasets, or more generally, information resources) in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 George D. Montanez , Jonathan Hayase , Julius Lauw , Dominique Macias , Akshay Trikha , Julia Vendemiatti

In many biological networks the responses of individual elements are ambiguous. We consider a scenario in which many sensors respond to a shared signal, each with limited information capacity, and ask that the outputs together convey as…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Marianne Bauer , William Bialek