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String diagrams are a powerful tool for reasoning about physical processes, logic circuits, tensor networks, and many other compositional structures. The distinguishing feature of these diagrams is that edges need not be connected to…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2010-11-19 Lucas Dixon , Aleks Kissinger

Properties of morphisms represented by so-called 'string diagrams' of monoidal categories (and their braided and symmetric derivatives), mainly their resistance in value to isotopic deformation, have made the usage of graphical calculi…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-10 Vihaan Dheer

We introduce string diagrams for physical duoidal categories (normal $\otimes$-symmetric duoidal categories): they consist of string diagrams with wires forming a zigzag-free partial order and order-preserving nodes whose inputs and outputs…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-23 Mario Román

Whereas string diagrams for strict monoidal categories are well understood, and have found application in several fields of Computer Science, graphical formalisms for non-strict monoidal categories are far less studied. In this paper, we…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-06 Paul Wilson , Dan Ghica , Fabio Zanasi

This article is intended as a reference guide to various notions of monoidal categories and their associated string diagrams. It is hoped that this will be useful not just to mathematicians, but also to physicists, computer scientists, and…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-07-31 Peter Selinger

Bimonoidal categories (also known as rig categories) are categories with two monoidal structures, one of which distributes over the other. We formally define sheet diagrams, a graphical calculus for bimonoidal categories that was informally…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-22 Cole Comfort , Antonin Delpeuch , Jules Hedges

We enhance the calculus of string diagrams for monoidal categories with hierarchical features in order to capture closed monoidal (and cartesian closed) structure. Using this new syntax we formulate an automatic differentiation algorithm…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Mario Alvarez-Picallo , Dan R. Ghica , David Sprunger , Fabio Zanasi

In category theory, the use of string diagrams is well known to aid in the intuitive understanding of certain concepts, particularly when dealing with adjunctions and monoidal categories. We show that string diagrams are also useful in…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-19 Kenji Nakahira

The study of abstraction and composition - the focus of category theory - naturally leads to sophisticated diagrams which can encode complex algebraic semantics. Consequently, these diagrams facilitate a clearer visual comprehension of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-27 Vincent Abbott , Gioele Zardini

We introduce a graphical language for closed symmetric monoidal categories based on an extension of string diagrams with special bracket wires representing internal homs. These bracket wires make the structure of the internal hom functor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Callum Reader , Alessandro Di Giorgio

The aim of this thesis is to present an extension to the string graphs of Dixon, Duncan and Kissinger that allows the finite representation of certain infinite families of graphs and graph rewrite rules, and to demonstrate that a logic can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-01 Alexander Merry

Calculi of string diagrams are increasingly used to present the syntax and algebraic structure of various families of circuits, including signal flow graphs, electrical circuits and quantum processes. In many such approaches, the semantic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Brendan Fong , Fabio Zanasi

In work of Fokkinga and Meertens a calculational approach to category theory is developed. The scheme has many merits, but sacrifices useful type information in the move to an equational style of reasoning. By contrast, traditional proofs…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-11 Daniel Marsden

This work is about diagrammatic languages, how they can be represented, and what they in turn can be used to represent. More specifically, it focuses on representations and applications of string diagrams. String diagrams are used to…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-23 Aleks Kissinger

We give an alternate conception of string diagrams as labeled 1-dimensional oriented cobordisms, the operad of which we denote by Cob/O, where O is the set of string labels. The axioms of traced (symmetric monoidal) categories are fully…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-06 David I. Spivak , Patrick Schultz , Dylan Rupel

We discuss string diagrams for timed process theories -- represented by duoidally-graded symmetric strict monoidal categories -- built upon the string diagrams of pinwheel double categories.

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-18 Elena Di Lavore , Mario Román

Around the year 1988, Joyal and Street established a graphical calculus for monoidal categories, which provides a firm foundation for many explorations of graphical notations in mathematics and physics. For a deeper understanding of their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-27 Sen Hu , Xuexing Lu , Yu Ye

We introduce nominal string diagrams as, string diagrams internal in the category of nominal sets. This requires us to take nominal sets as a monoidal category, not with the cartesian product, but with the separated product. To this end, we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Samuel Balco , Alexander Kurz

String diagrams are pictorial representations for morphisms of symmetric monoidal categories. They constitute an intuitive and expressive graphical syntax, which has found application in a very diverse range of fields including concurrency…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Aleksandar Milosavljevic , Robin Piedeleu , Fabio Zanasi

Regular logic can be regarded as the internal language of regular categories, but the logic itself is generally not given a categorical treatment. In this paper, we understand the syntax and proof rules of regular logic in terms of the free…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Brendan Fong , David Spivak
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