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This work investigates the intersection property of conditional independence. It states that for random variables $A,B,C$ and $X$ we have that $X$ independent of $A$ given $B,C$ and $X$ independent of $B$ given $A,C$ implies $X$ independent…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-08-18 Jonas Peters

The rules of d-separation provide a framework for deriving conditional independence facts from model structure. However, this theory only applies to simple directed graphical models. We introduce relational d-separation, a theory for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-16 Marc Maier , David Jensen

We define a new independence in non-commutative probability, called $\alpha$-freeness, with respect to a triplet of states. This concept unifies several independences in non-commutative probability, in particular, free, monotone,…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2022-12-22 Takahiro Hasebe

The problem of measuring conditional dependence between two random phenomena arises when a third one (a confounder) has a potential influence on the amount of information between them. A typical issue in this challenging problem is the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-12 Ferran de Cabrera , Marc Vilà-Insa , Jaume Riba

Graphical models are a key class of probabilistic models for studying the conditional independence structure of a set of random variables. Circular variables are special variables, characterized by periodicity, arising in several contexts…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-08 Anna Gottard , Agnese Panzera

The solution of constrained linear partial-differential equations can be described via parametric representations of linear relations. To study these representations, we provide a novel definition of boundary triplets for linear relations…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-10-21 Hannes Gernandt , Friedrich Philipp , Till Preuster , Manuel Schaller

We look at equivalence relations on the set of models of a theory -- MERs, for short -- such that the class of equivalent pairs is itself an elementary class, in a language appropriate for pairs of models. We provide many examples of…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-07-24 Michael Benedikt , Ehud Hrushovski

We show that the d -separation criterion constitutes a valid test for conditional independence relationships that are induced by feedback systems involving discrete variables.

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Judea Pearl , Rina Dechter

This paper is directed towards combining Pearl's structural-model approach to causal reasoning with high-level formalisms for reasoning about actions. More precisely, we present a combination of Pearl's structural-model approach with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Alberto Finzi , Thomas Lukasiewicz

So far, one-factor copulas induce conditional independence with respect to a latent factor. In this paper, we extend one-factor copulas to conditionally dependent models. This is achieved through new representations which allow to build new…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-12-12 Nathan Uyttendaele , Gildas Mazo

Conditional independence has been widely used in AI, causal inference, machine learning, and statistics. We introduce categoroids, an algebraic structure for characterizing universal properties of conditional independence. Categoroids are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Sridhar Mahadevan

The tetrad constraint is widely used to test whether four observed variables are conditionally independent given a latent variable, based on the fact that if four observed variables following a linear model are mutually independent after…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Naiwen Ying , Ping Zhang , Shanshan Luo , Wang Miao

The study is aimed at revealing the most important substructures (fragments) of polyenes with heteroatoms determining the alteration in the conjugation energy of the whole compound due to substitution and the relevant charge redistribution.…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-02-16 Viktorija Gineityte

Real-world complex systems are often modelled by sets of equations with endogenous and exogenous variables. What can we say about the causal and probabilistic aspects of variables that appear in these equations without explicitly solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Tineke Blom , Mirthe M. van Diepen , Joris M. Mooij

We initiate an investigation how the fundamental concept of independence can be represented effectively in the presence of incomplete information in relational databases. The concepts of possible and certain independence are proposed, and…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Miika Hannula , Minna Hirvonen , Juha Kontinen , Sebastian Link

We give four different independence relations on any exponential field. Each is a canonical independence relation on a suitable Abstract Elementary Class of exponential fields, showing that two of these are NSOP$_1$-like and non-simple, a…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-05-19 Vahagn Aslanyan , Robert Henderson , Mark Kamsma , Jonathan Kirby

Recently a class of generalized information measures was defined on sets of items parametrized by submodular functions. In this paper, we propose and study various notions of independence between sets with respect to such information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-21 Himanshu Asnani , Jeff Bilmes , Rishabh Iyer

Conditional-independence-based discovery uses statistical tests to identify a graphical model that represents the independence structure of variables in a dataset. These tests, however, can be unreliable, and algorithms are sensitive to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Philipp M. Faller , Dominik Janzing

Two known results on the relationship between conditional and unconditional independence are obtained as a consequence of the main result of this paper, a theorem that uses independence of Markov kernels to obtain a minimal condition which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-28 A. G. Nogales , P. Pérez

Independent component analysis provides a principled framework for unsupervised representation learning, with solid theory on the identifiability of the latent code that generated the data, given only observations of mixtures thereof.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-10 Luigi Gresele , Julius von Kügelgen , Vincent Stimper , Bernhard Schölkopf , Michel Besserve