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In a recent paper [e-print quant-ph/0101012], Hardy has given a derivation of "quantum theory from five reasonable axioms." Here we show that Hardy's first axiom, which identifies probability with limiting frequency in an ensemble, is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Ruediger Schack

We consider distributional approximation by generalized Dickman distributions, which appear in number theory, perpetuities, logarithmic combinatorial structures and many other areas. We prove bounds in the Kolmogorov distance for the…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-11-21 Chinmoy Bhattacharjee , Matthias Schulte

Causality is a central concept in a wide range of research areas, yet there is still no universally agreed axiomatisation of causality. We view causality both as an extension of probability theory and as a study of \textit{what happens when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Junhyung Park , Simon Buchholz , Bernhard Schölkopf , Krikamol Muandet

The famous G\"odel incompleteness theorem states that for every consistent sufficiently rich formal theory T there exist true statements that are unprovable in T. Such statements would be natural candidates for being added as axioms, but…

We propose an alternative approach to probability theory closely related to the framework of numerosity theory: non-Archimedean probability (NAP). In our approach, unlike in classical probability theory, all subsets of an infinite sample…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-07-30 Vieri Benci , Leon Horsten , Sylvia Wenmackers

If uncertainty is modelled by a probability measure, decisions are typically made by choosing the option with the highest expected utility. If an imprecise probability model is used instead, this decision rule can be generalised in several…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Jasper De Bock

In this article, we proposed a new probability distribution named as power Maxwell distribution (PMaD). It is another extension of Maxwell distribution (MaD) which would lead more flexibility to analyze the data with non-monotone failure…

Applications · Statistics 2018-07-04 Abhimanyu Singh Yadav , Hassan S. Bakouch , Sanjay Kumar Singh , Umesh Singh

Consider that the coordinates of $N$ points are randomly generated along the edges of a $d$-dimensional hypercube (random point problem). The probability that an arbitrary point is the $m$th nearest neighbor to its own $n$th nearest…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Cesar Augusto Sangaletti Tercariol , Felipe de Mouta Kiipper , Alexandre Souto Martinez

Bayesian inference is used to estimate continuous parameter values given measured data in many fields of science. The method relies on conditional probability densities to describe information about both data and parameters, yet the notion…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-25 Klaus Mosegaard , Andrew Curtis

The information in an individual finite object (like a binary string) is commonly measured by its Kolmogorov complexity. One can divide that information into two parts: the information accounting for the useful regularity present in the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Paul Vitanyi

I defend an analog of probabilism that characterizes rationally coherent estimates for chances. Specifically, I demonstrate the following accuracy-dominance result for stochastic theories in the C*-algebraic framework: supposing an…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2018-09-11 Jeremy Steeger

April 25, 2003, marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, the twentieth century's foremost contributor to the mathematical and philosophical foundations of probability. The year 2003 was also the 70th…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-02-19 Glenn Shafer , Vladimir Vovk

The stochastic theory of non-relativistic quantum mechanics presented here relies heavily upon the theory of stochastic processes, with its definitions, theorems and specific vocabulary as well. Its main hypothesis states indeed that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-01 Maurice J. M. L. O. Godart

This is an attempt to clarify certain concepts related to a debate on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, a debate between Andrei Khrennikov on the one side and Blake Stacey and R\"udiger Schack on the other side. Central to this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Inge S. Helland

In a probability-based reasoning system, Bayes' theorem and its variations are often used to revise the system's beliefs. However, if the explicit conditions and the implicit conditions of probability assignments `me properly distinguished,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Pei Wang

Subjective probability is based on the intuitive idea that probability quantifies the degree of belief that an event will occur. A probability theory based on this idea represents the most general framework for handling uncertainty. A brief…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-10-31 G. D'Agostini

According to the probability ranking principle, the document set with the highest values of probability of relevance optimizes information retrieval effectiveness given the probabilities are estimated as accurately as possible. The key…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-08-30 Massimo Melucci

The probability of an event is in the range of [0, 1]. In a sample space S, the value of probability determines whether an outcome is true or false. The probability of an event Pr(A) that will never occur = 0. The probability of the event…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Kennedy Efosa Ehimwenma , Safiya Al Sharji , Maruf Raheem

The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Andrei Khrennikov

The usual formulation of quantum theory is based on rather obscure axioms (employing complex Hilbert spaces, Hermitean operators, and the trace rule for calculating probabilities). In this paper it is shown that quantum theory can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Lucien Hardy